Introduction: People who stutter (PWS) often suffer from psychological difficulties in addition to stuttering symptoms. Recently, mindfulness and compassion interventions have been applied to PWS to ameliorate these difficulties. The present study aimed to systematically review the applications of these interventions.Methods: Empirical studies applying mindfulness and/or compassion to PWS were included. Database (PubMed, CiNii), registry (CENTRAL, ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov), Google scholar, citation, and manual searches were conducted (last searched on November 10, 2021). Adjusted standardized mean differences (SMDs) were presented through forest plots. Risk of bias was assessed through a tool developed by the National Institutes of Health. Results: Eighteen studies (n = 195, excluding controls) were included. Ten studies, all of which showed some risk of bias, allowed calculation of SMDs of pre-post comparison. Some SMDs calculated in certain studies which were potentially less affected by bias appeared consistent with those in previous studies. Mindfulness has been used in several different treatments including speech treatments. A clinical trial of self-compassion is ongoing.Discussion: Mindfulness interventions have been applied to PWS in several treatment approaches and can have beneficial impacts. However, there is a risk of bias, including bias potentially caused by questionable research practices and publication and/or reporting bias.
Introduction: It is recommended that empirically-supported psychological interventions should be provided for adults who stutter (AWS). A meta-analysis on efficacy of psychological interventions for AWS was conducted in the present study.Method: Studies which conducted psychological interventions were identified through a database (MEDLINE through PubMed) and other sources including previous reviews. Studies where pre-post effect sizes can be estimated were extracted and bias was assessed quantitatively. Then, multilevel meta-analysis was conducted where outcomes were nested within studies. Furthermore, multilevel moderation (meta-regression) analyses were conducted to investigate relationships between intervention effects and outcome and treatment types.Results and discussions: Cognitive behavioral therapy or mindfulness and/or acceptance interventions were applied for AWS in majority of included studies. When excluding studies or outcomes potentially affected by bias, overall intervention effects were equivalent between them. Exploratory moderation analyses suggested that effects of these interventions may depend on outcome types. The present multilevel meta-analysis should be updated to obtain more reliable results in the future.
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