FEATURE Extirpación y reintroducción de salmón plateado por tribus autóctonas en la cuenca del Río Columbia RESuMEN: la captura de salmónidos anádromos en la cuenca del Río Columbia ha sido fundamental para la nutrición, economía, cultura y creencias religiosas de las tribus nativas de Norte América. El desarrollo de la agricultura, la construcción de presas, urbanización y sobre pesca que siguieron a la llegada de los colonizadores europeos, dieron como resultado reducciones dramáticas de las corridas de salmón y causaron un impacto negativo en el bienestar de la gente tribal. Las agencias pesqueras federales y estatales trataron de mitigar estas pérdidas y de reconstruir algunas poblaciones de salmónidos, sin embargo clasificaron al salmón plateado como de menor importancia para las pesquerías, permitiendo así que llegara a la extinción funcional. A mediados de la década de 1990, tanto las agencias pesqueras como las tribus oriundas del Río Columbia encabezaron esfuerzos para restablecer el extirpado salmón plateado, comenzando con los ríos Yakima, Wenatchee, Methow y Clearwater. Los programas se iniciaron utilizando individuos juveniles de los stocks cultivados en la parte baja del Río Columbia, mismos que se aclimataban o se liberaban directamente cerca de hábitats potenciales para el desove. Posteriormente, en una etapa transitoria, se produjeron juveniles a partir de reproductores recolectados en las cuencas. En la actualidad, cada vez más peces están regresando a estos ríos, una parte de los cuales es el producto de desoves naturales. Los resultados sugieren que el salmón plateado se está adaptando a sus nuevos ambientes y está creando poblaciones locales naturales. ABSTRACT: Harvest of anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River basin has been fundamental to the nutrition, economy, and cultural and religious beliefs of the regional Native American tribes. Agricultural development, dam construction, urbanization, and overharvest following colonization byEuropean-origin settlers, however, resulted in dramatic reductions in salmon runs and negative impacts to the well-being of tribal peoples. Federal and state fishery agencies attempted to mitigate for the loss and to rebuild some salmonid populations but deemed Coho Salmon of lesser importance for upriver fisheries and allowed them to go functionally extinct. In the mid1990s, fishery agencies of the Columbia River Treaty tribes spearheaded efforts to reestablish the extirpated Coho Salmon, beginning in the Yakima, Wenatchee, Methow, and Clearwater rivers. The programs were initiated with juveniles from composite lower Columbia River hatchery stocks, acclimated or direct released near potential spawning habitat, then were transitioned to producing juveniles with broodstock collected in-basin. Increasing numbers of fish are now returning to these rivers, a portion of which is the product of natural spawning. Results suggest that the Coho Salmon are adapting to their new environments and founding local naturalized populations.
Historical returns of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to the Yakima River basin were estimated to range from 45,000 to 100,000 fish annually but declined to zero by the 1980s after decades of overexploitation of fishery, water, and habitat resources. In 1996, the Yakama Nation and cooperators initiated a project to determine the feasibility of reestablishing a naturally spawning coho salmon population in the Yakima River. The project explored the feasibility of successful coho salmon recolonization in the Yakima River by introducing stocks that had been reared in hatcheries for multiple generations. After 10–20 years of outplanting, we compared data for adult returns of known natural origin (i.e., returns from parents that spawned in the wild) and returns from hatchery releases. We found that fish of natural origin returned at a significantly larger size than those of hatchery origin. The mean egg mass and mean egg size of natural‐origin females were greater than those of hatchery‐origin females, but the differences were statistically significant for only one of three sample years. Natural‐origin adults returned 2–9 d later and spawned 5 d later than their hatchery‐origin counterparts. Preliminary indices of smolt‐to‐adult survival for natural‐origin fish were 3.5–17.0 times the survival indices of hatchery‐origin fish. The number of returns to the historical spawning habitats in upriver areas generally increased. Spawning surveys demonstrated the existence of robust and sustainable spawning aggregates in various locations in the basin. Hatchery releases from the local brood source (Yakima River returns) had significantly higher smolt‐to‐smolt survival than releases from out‐of‐basin (non‐Yakima River) hatchery broodstock, but some of these observed differences in survival may be partially attributable to differences in smolt size. We concluded that hatchery‐origin coho salmon with a legacy of as many as 10–30 generations of hatchery influence demonstrated an ability to reestablish themselves in the Yakima River (i.e, as a naturalized, nonnative population) after as few as 3–5 generations of outplanting in the wild.
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