Malnutrition and metabolic disease are the major problem of global population during the last few decades. The increasing of infant mortality related under caloric protein diet was reported in the developing countries. Moreover, metabolic perturbation caused by nutrient deficiency is the advanced physiological complication associated malnutrition. In addition, by contrast, an excess caloric intake is not only the common problem in the Western countries, but also becoming emerging metabolic disease in the low income countries. Thus, the exploration of a reliable nutritional therapy derived from local biodiversity is required. Moringa oleifera is a tropical and subtropical plant that widely spread in equatorial region. Moringa is a traditional medicinal plant rich in nutrition due to the presence of some essential nutrients in its leaves. Even though some previous studies have been done to investigate the potential ingredients and benefits of Moringa leaf powder, however the exploration of nutritional values of Moringa oleifera Sumenep Madura variety is unknown. This study was conducted by using proximate analysis of nutritional ingredients within Moringa leaf powder obtained from two varieties of Sumenep Madura and Kupang East Nusa Tenggara. Our laboratory data showed that Moringa leaf powder Sumenep Madura variety A has a higher level of protein (29.720 %), fat (4.971%), carbohydrate (38.417%), and vitamin C (985.305 mg/100g). Importantly, the similar pattern of nutritional ingredients was observed in variety B (32.865 % of protein levels, 4.707% of fat concentration, 36.784% of carbohydrate, and 1050.575 mg/100g of vitamin C). In summary, the findings from our preliminary study provide novel evidence the potential nutrients within Moringa leaf powder Sumenep Madura variety. It is possible that to propose this local Moringa as an additional future nutrigenomic therapy combating malnutrition and metabolic diseases.
Shigella flexneri is the most common causal agent of shigellosis. Its pili are composed of pili protein subunits. Adhesion molecules can be found on the pili and outer membrane proteins (Omp). A hemagglutination reaction can be used for screening of adhesion molecules. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular weight of the pili protein subunits and outer membrane proteins of S. flexneri that act as hemagglutinin proteins, and to prove whether there is a cross-reaction between antibodies against hemagglutinin pili protein subunits and outer membrane proteins of S. flexneri. Methods: Pili protein subunits were isolated using pili bacteria cutters, and the outer membrane proteins were solubilized and obtained using sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.05% as detergent for Omp isolation. The hemagglutination reaction used mice erythrocytes. The cross reactions between subunit pili proteins were conducted by Western blot and Dot blot. Results:. Antibodies against hemagglutinin sub unit pili protein 18 kDa responded to pili protein subunits 18 kDa; 23 kDa; 34 kDa; and 53 kDa; and Omp 23 kDa and 27 kDa. Omp and subunit pili proteins S. flexneri consists of several identical epitopes that were responsible for the similarity of the response profile in the cross-reactions of antibodies.
Introduction. Obesity is a metabolic syndrome as risk factor to the cardiovascular disease. Obesity occurs caused by adipocyte massive that is started by proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes that involves transcription factors such as C/EBPα, PPARγ and SREBP-1. Is known the TNF α and [Ca2+]i Increase when adiponectin decrease at the end of adipocyte differentiation. Therefore it is a deemed treat the obesity through the inhibition of adipocyte proliferation and differentiation using natural resources. Quercetin in due of the flavonoid found in apple, vegetables etc. The aim of this study is to prove the affectivity of quercetin to inhibit proliferation and differentiation of preadipocyte through inhibited of C/EBPα in rat preadipocytes culture method. Methods. Their study was a laboratory experimental. Quercetin was exposed to the preadipocytes human culture, after it was induced by differentiation stimulator the doses quercetin was grouped in: control, 50µM (Q50), 125µM (Q125) and 625µM (Q625) groups. The amount of proliferation and differentiation was descriptive analyzed. The expression of C/EBPα, were identified by Immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Result. Quercetin 100 inhibited the rate of proliferation cell, while quersetin 625 inhibited differentiation in preadipocytes culture. There was a dose dependent to quersetin towards the decrease of PPARγ expression and C/EBPα expression in this preadipocytes culture. Conclusion. It is conclusion that quersetin inhibits proliferation and differentiation preadipocytes culture through the decrease of the expresion of C/EBP α.
NGAL expression in acute kidney failure is well known. It is approved that NGAL expression occurs earlier than the level of BUN and creatinine in acute kidney failure. NGAL is not only expressed in the blood but also in the urine, where urine collection has many advantages over blood collection. This study aims to observed the expression of NGAL in predialysis patients and to determine the correlation between NGAL serum and NGAL urine of patients. The sample was taken from healthy persons as control and predialysis patients. The examination of BUN, creatinine, and urinalysis were done to approve the diagnose in predialysis patients. While NGAL in serum and urine were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). The results showed that the concentration of NGAL in serum was higher in the predialysis patients compared to the healthy subjects (p<0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between the NGAL in the serum and the NGAL in the urine (r= 0.98 and p<0.000). It is concluded that the non-invasive examination of NGAL in urine can be choose rather than using serum NGAL. However, it must be noted that NGAL could be used for chronic renal failure in predialysis patients as long as other biomarkers have been proven.
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