2 ABSTRACTPurpose: Cross-education of strength has been proposed to be greater when completed by the dominant limb in right handed humans. We investigated whether the direction of cross-education of strength and corticospinal plasticity are different following right or left limb strength training in right-handed participants. Methods: Changes in strength, muscle thickness and indices of corticospinal plasticity were analyzed in 23 adults who were exposed to 3-weeks of either right-hand strength training (RHT) or left-hand strength training (LHT). Results: Maximum voluntary wrist extensor strength in both the trained and untrained limb increased, irrespective of which limb was trained, with TMS revealing reduced corticospinal inhibition. Conclusions: Cross-education of strength was not limited by which limb was trained and reduced corticospinal inhibition was not just confined to the trained limb.Critically, from a behavioral perspective, the magnitude of cross-education was not limited by which limb was trained.

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Abstract-Dissimilar sensor redundancy with force and displacement measurements can provide extended fault coverage for drive-by-wire applications. However, large variances occur when correlating these inputs in dynamic measurements. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel fault tolerant sensor fusion concept to fuse redundant kinetic and kinematic sensors dynamically and accurately. It consists of a driver input condition classifier, and a graceful degradation scheme voter. The classifier determines the states of several driver input conditions in real-time, which are then utilized as a pointers to allocate the best fitting driver input kinetic-kinematic response profile during dynamic operation for sensor data conversion. The graceful degradation voter module facilitates voting and fusing of the converted redundant sensor data. Functional safety is further maintained through a graceful degradation scheme to tolerate the presence of different fault scenarios in the system. The proposed sensor fusion concept is implemented on a brake-by-wire pedal test bench. Test results show significant performance gains in driver command accuracy for fault-tolerant dissimilar redundant sensor fusion.