We show that the plastic deformation of snow under uniaxial compression is characterized by complex spatio-temporal strain localization phenomena. Deformation is characterized by repeated nucleation and propagation of compaction bands. Compaction bands are also observed during the very first stage of compression of solid foams where a single band moves across the sample at approximately constant stress. However, snow differs from these materials as repeated nucleation and propagation of bands occurs throughout the subsequent hardening stage until the end of the deformation experiment. Band nucleation and/or reflection of bands at the sample boundaries are accompanied by stress drops which punctuate the stress strain curve. A constitutive model is proposed which quantitatively reproduces all features of this oscillatory deformation mode. To this end, a well-established compressive plasticity framework for solid foams is generalized to account for shear softening behavior, time dependence of microstructure ('rapid sintering') and non-locality of damage processes in snow. arXiv:1501.02184v1 [cond-mat.soft]
This paper investigates strengthening masonry walls using glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets.An experimental research program was undertaken. Both clay and concrete brick specimens were tested, with and without GFRP strengthening. Single-sided strengthening were considered, as it is often not practicable to apply the reinforcement to both sides of a wall. Static tests were carried out on six masonry panels, under a combination of vertical pre-load, and in-plane horizontal shear loading. The mechanisms by which load was carried were observed, varying from the initial, uncracked state, to the final, fully cracked state.The results demonstrate that a significant increase of the in-plane shear-capacity of masonry can be achieved by bonding GFRP sheets to the surface of masonry walls. The experimental data were used to assess the effectiveness of the GFRP strengthening, and suggestions are made to allow the test results to be used in the design of sheet GFRP strengthening for masonry structures.
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