Gamma-ray bursts are the strongest explosions in the Universe since the Big Bang, believed to be produced either in forming black holes at the end of massive star evolution [1, 2, 3] or merging of compact objects [4]. Spectral and timing properties of gamma-ray bursts suggest that the observed bright gamma-rays are produced in the most relativistic jets in the Universe [4]; however, the physical properties, especially the structure and magnetic topologies in the jets are still not well known, despite several decades of studies. It is widely believed that precise measurements of the polarization properties of gamma-ray bursts should provide crucial information on the highly relativistic jets [5]. As a result there have been many reports of gamma-ray burst polarization measurements with diverse results, see [1], however many such measurements suffered from substantial uncertainties, mostly systematic [7, and references therein]. After the first successful measurements by the GAP and COSI instruments [2, 3, 4], here we report a statistically meaningful sample of precise polarization measurements, obtained with the dedicated gamma-ray burst polarimeter, POLAR onboard China's Tiangong-2 spacelab. Our results suggest that the gamma-ray emission is at most polarized at a level lower than some popular models have predicted; although our results also show intrapulse evolution of the polarization angle. This indicates that the low polarization degrees could be due to an evolving polarization angle during a gamma-ray burst.POLAR is a dedicated Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) polarization detection experiment onboard China's Tiangong-2 spacelab [11], launched on Sept. 15th, 2016 and stopped operation on March 31, 2017. POLAR detected 55 GRBs with high significance. In order to make statistically significant GRB polarization measurements and yet with negligible systematic errors, we select a subsample of five GRBs for detailed analysis of their polarization properties; please refer to the supplementary information (SI) for the sample selection criteria and the properties of the five selected GRBs. We employ a straight forward χ 2 based analysis, similar to that successfully employed in [4], to study the polarization properties of the five GRBs, while a Bayesian method is employed to accurately determine the credible regions of the measurements. The studies rely on extensive ground and in-orbit calibration data and Monte-Carlo simulations matching the calibration data [12, 13]. Please refer to the methods section for details of the methodology and analysis.In Figure 1, we show the measured modulation curves of the five GRBs integrated over the whole GRB duration, together with the best fitting simulated modulation curves from linear polarization and fitting residuals. All fittings are statistically acceptable with no significant systematic deviations. In Figure 2, we show the 2-D posterior distributions of the five GRBs, i.e., the posterior probability as functions of both polarization angle (PA) and degree (PD). Clearly the measured P...
The POLAR detector is a space based Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) polarimeter with a wide field of view, which covers almost half the sky. The instrument uses Compton scattering of gamma rays on a plastic scintillator hodoscope to measure the polarization of the incoming photons. The instrument has been successfully launched on board of the Chinese space laboratory Tiangong 2 on September 15, 2016. The construction of the instrument components is described in this article. Details are provided on problems encountered during the construction phase and their solutions. Initial performance of the instrument in orbit is as expected from ground tests and Monte Carlo simulation.
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is one of several space astronomy payloads of the cosmic lighthouse program onboard China's Space Station, which is planned for operation starting around 2020 for about 10 years. The main scientific objectives of HERD are indirect dark matter search, precise cosmic ray spectrum and composition measurements up to the knee energy, and high energy gamma-ray monitoring and survey. HERD is composed of a 3-D cubic calorimeter (CALO) surrounded by microstrip silicon trackers (STKs) from five sides except the bottom. CALO is made of about 10 4 cubes of LYSO crystals, corresponding to about 55 radiation lengths and 3 nuclear interaction lengths, respectively. The top STK microstrips of seven X-Y layers are sandwiched with tungsten converters to make precise directional measurements of incoming electrons and gamma-rays. In the baseline design, each of the four side SKTs is made of only three layers microstrips. All STKs will also be used for measuring the charge and incoming directions of cosmic rays, as well as identifying back scattered tracks. With this design, HERD can achieve the following performance: energy resolution of 1% for electrons and gamma-rays beyond 100 GeV, 20% for protons from 100 GeV to 1 PeV; electron/proton separation power better than 10 −5 ; effective geometrical factors of >3 m 2 sr for electron and diffuse gamma-rays, >2 m 2 sr for cosmic ray nuclei. R&D is under way for reading out the LYSO signals with optical fiber coupled to image intensified CCD and the prototype of one layer of CALO.
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