Food corruption and spoilage caused by food-borne pathogens and microorganisms is a serious problem. As a result, the demand for antibacterial drugs in food packaging is growing. In this review, biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials for food packaging are discussed based on their properties. Most importantly, antibacterial agents are essential to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food. To keep food fresh and prolong the shelf life, different kinds of antibacterial agents were used. The composition and application of natural antibacterial agents and synthetic antibacterial agents are discussed. Compared with natural antibacterial agents, synthetic antibacterial agents have the advantages of low cost and high activity, but their toxicity is usually higher than that of natural antibacterial agents. Finally, future development of antimicrobial food packaging is proposed. It is an urgent problem for researchers to design and synthesize antibacterial drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity.
Core Ideas
Heat stress decreased the translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs after pollination.
Heat stress during grain filling accelerated leaf senescence of waxy maize.
This study provides leaf senescence and dry matter translocation data for waxy maize production.
Waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) is frequently exposed to high temperatures (higher than 35.0°C) during grain filling in southern China. This pot trial was conducted to study the effect of heat stress during grain filling on grain yield, dry matter (DM) accumulation and translocation, and leaf senescence of plants. Post‐pollination plants of Suyunuo 5 and Yunuo 7 (waxy maize varieties) were planted under high temperature (35.0°C) and ambient temperature conditions (daytime temperatures during grain filling were 29.0 and 28.2°C in 2014 and 2015, respectively).The decrease rate of grain yields for Suyunuo 5 and Yunuo 7 were 31.3 and 21.9% due to the reduced grain number and weight, respectively, indicating that Suyunuo 5 was more sensitive to heat stress. Heat stress decreased dry matter accumulation after pollination (DMA) . The photosynthate of vegetative organ post‐pollination translocated to grain decreased by 36.1 and 55.9% for Yunuo 7 and Suyunuo 5, respectively. However, the translocation amount and rate of assimilates pre‐pollination increased, with greater increase observed in Suyunuo 5. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased by heat stress 25 and 20 d after pollination in Yunuo 7 and Suyunuo 5, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car), and soluble protein contents were decreased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and peroxidase [POD]) were suppressed by heat stress in both varieties. The findings suggested that reduced DMA and accelerated leaf senescence under heat stress post‐pollination result in the grain yield loss.
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