Pseudochaotic properties are systematically investigated in a one-parameter family of irrational triangular billiards (all angles irrational with π). The absolute value of the position correlation function C(x)(t) decays like ~t(-α). Fast (α≈1) and slow (0<α<1) decays are observed, thus indicating that the irrational triangles do not share a unique ergodic dynamics, which, instead, may vary smoothly between the opposite limits of strong mixing (α=1) and regular behaviors (α=0). Upgrading previous data, spectral statistical properties of the quantized counterparts are computed from 150000 energy eigenvalues numerically calculated for each billiard. Gaussian orthogonal ensemble spectral fluctuations are observed when α≈1 and intermediate statistics are found otherwise. Our irrational billiards have zero Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and essentially infinity genus. Thus, differently from previous works on rational (pseudointegrable) enclosures, our results provide a missing classical-quantum correspondence regarding the ergodic hierarchy for a set of nonchaotic systems that might enjoy the strong mixing property.
This study was carried out to evaluate the anthelminthic efficacy of seeds of Cucurbita maxima and Carica papaya for controlling monogeneans in the gills of Leporinus macrocephalus, besides hepatosomatic and splenosomatic index and condition factor of host. The fish were fed with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya for seven days, and these treatments did not cause any mortality among them. Jainus leporini, Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides eremitus and Tereancistrum parvus were the monogeneans found, and their prevalence in fish fed with seeds of C. papaya was 100%, while in fish fed with C. maxima the prevalence was 42.8%. Fish fed with seeds of C. papaya showed decreased in intensity and abundance of monogeneans, while fish fed with seeds of C. maxima presented decreased in abundance. Feeding of L. macrocephalus with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya had efficacy of 69.6 and 67.8%, respectively. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya was not affected by the treatments. However, the splenosomatic index and condition factor of fish fed with C. maxima seeds decreased. Seeds of C. maxima and C. papaya may be used for controlling monogeneans of L. macrocephalus in fish farming.
The dynamics of a particle confined in the elliptical stadium billiard with rectangular thickness 2t, major axis 2a, and minor axis 2b=2 is numerically investigated in a reduced phase space with discrete time n. Both relative measure r(n), with asymptotic value r(n→∞)=r(∞) and Shannon entropy s, are calculated in the vicinity of a particular line in the a×t parameter space, namely t(c)=t(0)(a)=√a(2)-1, with a∈(1,√4/3). If t
Monogenean infestations can cause high mortality in farmed fish and therefore significant economic losses. The present study investigated the efficacy of albendazole in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of Piaractus brachypomus Cuvier, 1818 and Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988). For both fish, a 24 hours therapeutic bath with albendazole concentrations of 150, 300 and 500 mg/L were tested against monogeneans from the gills. The baths had an efficacy from 61.4 ± 32.9 (95%CI=64.5) against monogeneans of P. brachypomus, and from 95.4 ± 5.6 (95%CI=10.9) against monogeneans of M. macrocephalus. In P. brachypomus, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in fish exposed to 150 mg/L of albendazole was higher than in fish exposed to 300 mg/L. The splenosomatic index (SSI) values in fish exposed to 150 mg/L of albendazole were lower than in fish exposed to 300 mg/L. In M. macrocephalus, the HSI and SSI values decreased in treatments with 150, 300 and 500 mg/L of albendazole to control and treat infestations by monogeneans. For M. macrocephalus, 150 mg/L of albendazole can be used to control and treat infestations by monogeneans, while for P. brachypomus 500 mg/L of albendazole can be used in a 24 hours bath.
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