The causes and impacts of, and emergency responses to, the recent catastrophic flooding in northern and central Thailand, including Bangkok, are reviewed. A number of short term and long term engineering solutions have been proposed to avoid or minimize future flooding impacts. Low impact development (LID) technologies might be one reasonable, sustainable, approach to solving urban drainage and water quality problems in Bangkok, but the local urban approaches should be integrated with watershed wide planning efforts.PCSWMM was used to model single and multiple LID technologies in a case study of a peri-urban village near Bangkok as a preliminary exploration of LID benefits in terms of stormwater quantity and quality. A 2 y design storm for Thailand was used in the modeling. The design plans of LID technologies, using either CAD or Google SketchUp, were visualized through Google Earth, and were costed using local information.All LID scenarios reduced combined sewer overflow (CSO) volume, CSO pollutant loadings and the durations of surface flooding, although single rain barrels installed at all houses had a relatively small (4% to 9% reduction) impact. This may be related in part to the fact that a 2 y storm in Thailand is more similar to a 50 y or 100 y storm in northeastern North America. The combined rain barrel and bioretention cell scenarios offered the greatest control in reducing CSO discharges, but the costs may be prohibitive in Thailand at present.
Most sewers in developing countries are combined sewers which receive stormwater and effluent from septic tanks or cesspools of households and buildings. Although the wastewater strength in these sewers is usually lower than those in developed countries, due to improper construction and maintenance, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) could be relatively long and resulting considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) production. This study proposed an empirical model to predict the quantity of methane production in gravity-flow sewers based on relevant parameters such as surface area to volume ratio (A/V) of sewer, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and wastewater temperature. The model was developed from field survey data of gravity-flow sewers located in a peri-urban area, central Thailand and validated with field data of a sewer system of the Gold Coast area, Queensland, Australia. Application of this model to improve construction and maintenance of gravity-flow sewers to minimize GHG production and reduce global warming is presented.
Under climate change scenarios, many urban areas in Southeast Asia may become increasingly susceptible to localized flooding due to greater rainfall extremes. This study focused on Rattanakosin Village, Thailand, a peri-urban area near Bangkok. Rainfall
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