Shiitake is an important edible and medicinal mushroom cultivated worldwide. Ots cultivation involves a complex process of browning that precedes the primordia initiation. The present work through the evaluation of enzymes, lectin and β-glucan during the cultivation cycle of Lentinula edodes, the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, attempted to correlate these with mushroom yield. Strains UFLA-LE1, UFLA-LE2 and UFLA-LE6 consumed significantly more hemicelluloses than the other three strains with strain LE5 consuming significantly the most lignin of all six strains. Strains UFLA-LE4 and UFLA-LE6 were significantly the most productive. The laccase activity increased continuously until the end of the cultivation for all strains. Manganese peroxidase activities, except for UFLA-LE3, remained relatively stable. Dn the other hand, lignin peroxidase was the main lignin-modifying enzyme with much higher activity compared to laccase and manganese peroxidase. Tyrosinase activity was stable at an elevated level during the cultivation cycle, dramatically reaching the highest activity at the end of the cultivation period. The amounts of lectin and β-glucan varied greatly depending on the strain and the time of cultivation. Despite the many differences between strains in all evaluated parameters no direct association to the browning process was observed.
ResumoOs objetivos do presente trabalho foram obter mensurações em crânios de Chrysocyon brachyurus adultos, caracterizar valores craniométricos para a espécie e observar se a classificação craniométrica de cães domésticos é adequada para o lobo-guará. Foram utilizados sete crânios de lobo-guará adultos, sem distinção de sexo. Determinou-se a localização de nove pontos craniométricos utilizados em cães domésticos para o lobo-guará. Os pontos foram referência para as 18 medidas craniométricas utilizadas para o cálculo de seis índices craniométricos. Os índices craniométricos são: cefálico 96,147 ± 3,89 mm, crânio facial 1,06 ± 0,20 mm, do neurocrânio 61,68 ± 1,83 mm, facial 100,06 ± 3,36 mm, basal 29,79 ± 1,18 mm, e do forame magno 89,25 ± 7,82 mm. A classificação em braquicefálico, dolicocefálico ou mesaticefálico não se adequa a Chrysocyon brachyurus. Palavras-chave: carnívoros; crânio; morfometria. AbstractThe aim of this study was to obtain craniometric measures in adult Chrysocyon brachyurus skulls, establish craniometric values for the species, and determine if the craniometric classification of domestic dogs is suitable for the maned wolf. Seven skulls of adult maned wolves were used, with no gender distinction. Nine craniometric points used in domestic dogs were used for the maned wolf. The points served as reference to 18 craniometric measurements used subsequently to calculate six skull indices. Craniometric indeces were: cefalic 96.147 ± 3.89 mm, craniofacial 1.06 ± 0.20 mm, neurocranium 61.68 mm ± 1.83, facial 100.06 ± 3.36 mm, basal 29.79 ± 1.18 mm, and foramen magnum index of 89.25 ± 7.82 mm. The usual classification in brachicephalic, dolichocephalic, and mesaticephalic is not valid for Chrysocyon brachyurus.
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