Arrowroot is a plant originated in Latin America that has aroused interest in the food industry due to its high starch content, with differentiated characteristics and high commercial value. However, information on the management of arrowroot are scarce, precluding its commercial competition with other similar species, being necessary further studies with the crop. Thus, the objective of the present study was to characterize extracted starch from arrowroot grown under different agronomic management. Three agronomic factors were studied: planting systems (PS), forms of water management (WM) and planting density (PD). The experimental analyses were performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates, being evaluated the extraction yield, percent composition, quantity of starch, pH, titratable acidity, swelling power, solubility and electron microscopy analysis. In general, the analyzed extracted starches deriving from different agronomic treatments have low crude fiber, besides typical characteristics of arrowroot extracted starch such as texture, color, shape and size of granules, without any other apparent particle than the starch itself, indicating extraction efficiency. However, the planting density may have contributed to influence some parameters of the chemical composition of the extracted starch, such as the content of starch, ash, ether extract, protein and carbohydrate fraction.
The arrowroot is considered a non-conventional vegetable which has aroused interest in the food industry because of its starch content with differentiated characteristics and high commercial value. However, agronomic management information is scarce, making it difficult to compete with other species of similar purpose, and more studies are needed regarding the crop. The aim of this study was to define adequate agronomic practices in crop aiming the productivity the rhizome, yield the starch of arrowroot. The factors evaluated were the different levels of irrigation, the planting and the plant densities. The randomized block design was used in the field trial while the totally randomized block design was used in the laboratory tests. Through the treatments, crop yield ranged from 0.68 (seedlings; without irrigation; 31250 plants ha-1) to 60.09 t ha-1 (seedlings; irrigated; 31250 plants ha-1), while starch production ranged from 50 to 6350 kg ha-1. The highest yield of rhizomes was obtained in plants produced by seedlings along with the highest density of plants, and the highest production of arrowroot starch was extracted from rhizomes from plants produced by seedlings without irrigation and a density of 50000 plants ha-1 .
Considering that the beneficial effects of silicon on human health and it´s accumulation in plants are little explored, studies of mineral nutrition in non-conventional vegetables are extremely relevant. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify non-conventional vegetables responsive to silica fertilization and evaluate the effect of fertilization on the content and accumulation of Si and macronutrients in these plants. The experiment followed a 4 x 5 factorial design, with four species of non-conventional vegetables (Rumex acetosa L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Sonchus oleraceus L. and Stachys byzantina) and five doses of Si (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg dm-3). The relative chlorophyll index, the fresh and dry matter masses, the content and accumulation of Si and macronutrients were evaluated. The species A. retroflexus, S. oleraceus. and S. byzantina showed the highest contents and accumulation of Si. The application of doses above 100 mg dm-3 promoted the highest silicon content estimated for the species. The species A. retroflexus, R. acetosa and S. byzantina are non-silicon accumulators, whereas S. oleraceus is intermediate.
A carência de conhecimento no que diz respeito ao ciclo da araruta, pode acarretar em prejuízos na produção, pois a colheita antecipada pode ocasionar perdas por não atingir o nível máximo de acúmulo de matéria seca nos rizomas e a colheita tardia aumenta o índice de podridão dos rizomas, diminuindo a qualidade do mesmo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, determinar o efeito da época de colheita na produtividade e na qualidade química de amido de araruta. Foram utilizados rizomas de araruta, colhidos em cinco épocas diferentes (253, 273, 295, 314 e 336 dias após o plantio). No campo o experimento foi instalado em setembro de 2016 a agosto de 2017 no município de Lavras-MG em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. No laboratório os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizados com três repetições, foi avaliado o rendimento da extração, composição centesimal, quantidade de amido purificado e análise de microscopia eletrônica. Os efeitos quantitativos foram ajustados a um modelo de regressão. Foi realizada análise de múltiplos fatores e análise fatorial. A época de colheita da araruta interfere nas características agronômicas de produtividade de rizomas, fécula e na composição química da fécula de araruta. A colheita da araruta variedade seta aos 336 dias após o plantio foi o mais propício, por apresentar maior produtividade de rizomas (61,31 Mg ha-1) e fécula (15,25 Mg ha-1) por área, além de apresentar maior pureza na fécula (99,02%) e menor teor de fibra (0,36%).
Amaranthus is a species with immense potential; however, information on its nutritional properties is limited, though widely cultivated in some countries. The objective of this work is to characterise the grains of three species of Amaranthus sp. aiming at their food potential, comparing two species considered as weed with a commercially grown species. The selected materials were cultivated and submitted to the same culture method and the experiment was performed as a randomized block design with three replicates. Harvested grains were transformed into flour and centesimal composition was determined, as well as macro and micronutrients, starch content and non-nitrogenous. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and compared in Tukey's test. It can be inferred that in the majority of the analyses for centesimal composition, the species A. hybridus and A. viridis presented higher levels than the A. retroflexus (commercial cultivar). A. hybridus has the highest amount of N, Mg, B, Mn and Fe, A. retroflexus of P, K, S, Cu and Zn whereas A. viridis of Ca and Cu. The content of starch in the grains of the species ranged from 32.86 to 36.21%. Regarding the anti-nutritional constituents, the nitrate content present in these three species does not pose a health risk if consumed moderately. Invasive species A. hybridus and A. viridis present great potential for grain production, whose nutritional properties of flour in most of the analyses performed in this study were superior to the commercial species.
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