<p>Infecção hospitalar é toda infecção adquirida durante a internação hospitalar, geralmente provocada pela própria microbiota humana, que se desequilibra com os mecanismos de defesa em decorrência da doença, dos procedimentos invasivos (soros, cateteres e cirurgias) e do contato com o ambiente hospitalar. Este estudo objetivou determinar a distribuição dos microrganismos encontrados nas grades dos leitos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva e a resistência a antimicrobianos no grupo de microrganismo de maior incidência. Realizado em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público filantrópico no estado de São Paulo, na cidade de Araraquara, onze leitos foram submetidos à coleta em suas grades de proteção laterais. A maior prevalência foi do grupo <em>Staphylococcus </em>coagulase negativo (54,2%), <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(29,2%), seguido da classe de bacilos Gram-negativos (12,5%) e com menor incidência o gênero <em>Streptococcus sp.</em> (4,2%). Os <em>Staphylococcus </em>coagulase negativos isolados apresentaram 84,6% de resistência à clindamicina, 76,9% à eritromicina, 38,5% à cefoxetina, 38,5% ao norfloxacino, 30,8% à rifampicina, 23% ao levofloxacino, 7,7% à nitrofurantoína e todos os isolados exibiram sensibilidade à tetraciclina e à vancomicina. Eentre os patógenos isolados como causadores de infecção hospitalar neste estudo, destacou-se o grupo dos <em>Staphylococcus</em> coagulase negativo, que apresentou maior incidência e alto espectro de resistência, sendo um patógeno emergente causador de infecção hospitalar. </p>
Glycogen functions as a carbohydrate reserve in a variety of organisms and its metabolism is highly regulated. The activities of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzymes of the synthesis and degradation processes, respectively, are regulated by allosteric modulation and reversible phosphorylation. To identify the protein kinases affecting glycogen metabolism in Neurospora crassa, we performed a screen of 84 serine/threonine kinase knockout strains. We identified multiple kinases that have already been described as controlling glycogen metabolism in different organisms, such as NcSNF1, NcPHO85, NcGSK3, NcPKA, PSK2 homologue and NcATG1. In addition, many hypothetical kinases have been implicated in the control of glycogen metabolism. Two kinases, NcIME-2 and NcNIMA, already functionally characterized but with no functions related to glycogen metabolism regulation, were also identified. Among the kinases identified, it is important to mention the role of NcSNF1. We showed in the present study that this kinase was implicated in glycogen synthase phosphorylation, as demonstrated by the higher levels of glycogen accumulated during growth, along with a higher glycogen synthase (GSN) ±glucose 6-phosphate activity ratio and a lesser set of phosphorylated GSN isoforms in strain Ncsnf1KO, when compared with the wild-type strain. The results led us to conclude that, in N. crassa, this kinase promotes phosphorylation of glycogen synthase either directly or indirectly, which is the opposite of what is described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The kinases also play a role in gene expression regulation, in that gdn, the gene encoding the debranching enzyme, was down-regulated by the proteins identified in the screen. Some kinases affected growth and development, suggesting a connection linking glycogen metabolism with cell growth and development.
Cyclins are a family of proteins characterized by possessing a cyclin box domain that mediates binding to cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) partners. In this study, the search for a partner cyclin of the PHO85-1 CDK retrieved PCL-1 an ortholog of yeast Pcls (for Pho85 cyclins) that performs functions common to Pcls belonging to different cyclin families. We show here that PCL-1, as a typical cyclin, is involved in cell cycle control and cell progression. In addition, PCL-1 regulates glycogen metabolism; Δpcl-1 cells accumulate higher glycogen levels than wild-type cells and the glycogen synthase (GSN) enzyme is less phosphorylated and, therefore, more active in the mutant cells. Together with PHO85-1, PCL-1 phosphorylates in vitro GSN at the Ser636 amino acid residue. Modeling studies identified PHO85-1 and PCL-1 as a CDK/cyclin complex, with a conserved intermolecular region stabilized by hydrophobic and polar interactions. PCL-1 is also involved in calcium and NaCl stress response. Δpcl-1 cells are sensitive to high NaCl concentration; on the contrary, they grow better and overexpress calcium responsive genes under high calcium chloride concentration compared to the wild-type strain. The expression of the calcium-responsive CRZ-1 transcription factor is modulated by PCL-1, and this transcription factor seems to be less phosphorylated in Δpcl-1 cells since exhibits nuclear location in these cells in the absence of calcium. Our results show that PCL-1 locates at different cell regions suggesting that it may determine its activity by controlling its intracellular location and reveal an interesting functional divergence between yeast and filamentous fungus cyclins.
No presente artigo foram analisadas as mortes decorrentes de infecção do trato respiratório ou por pneumonia nos anos de 2016, 2017, 2018 e 2019 nas regiões do Brasil e no páis. Assim, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo compilar, analisar e estimar a taxa de morte por infecção do trato respiratório inferior a cada 100 mil habitantes, em âmbito nacional e regional, disponibilizados no banco de dados Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) de domínio público nos anos supracitados. Os dados selecionados para este estudo foram elencados por região do Brasil e os respectivos anos. Os filtros utilizados para sele-cionar o tipo de morte foram: pneumonia (074) e outras infecções agudas das vias aéreas inferiores (075), somado à influenza -gripe- (073). Os resultados demonstraram que no período houve uma expressiva taxa de morte por infecções na região Sul (gripe + outras infecções), quando comparado com os demais estados. Para pneumonia (074), as taxas se mostraram elevadas em todos os estados, com destaque para o Sudeste, com taxa média de 49 nos 4 anos analisados. Com estes indicativos podemos concluir que há no Brasil uma elevada taxa de morte por infecções no trato respiratório, especialmente em casos pneumônicos, e que o estudo realizado poderá contribuir para a observação no possível aumento de tais taxas nos períodos pós-pandemia no Brasil.
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