Algae biorefinery is gaining much attention for the sustainable production of value-added products (e.g., biofuels, protein supplements etc.) globally. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between lipid production and bacteria growth by an initial microalgae Chlorella vulgaris density culture in seafood wastewater effluent (SWE). According to our results, the initial C. vulgaris concentration in SWE influenced lipid accumulation. The concentration ranged from 25–35 mg·L−1 which corresponds to SWE’s chemical oxygen demand concentration of 365.67 ± 3.45 mg·L−1. A higher microalgae growth rate and lipid content of 32.15 ± 1.45% was successfully attained. A higher lipid content, approximately double, was observed when compared to the control (16.8 ± 0.5%). Moreover, this study demonstrates that bacteria inhibited microalgae growth as the initial cell density stepped over 35 mg·L−1, which also affected lipid accumulation. This study shows an optimal lipid accumulation attained at moderate Chlorella vulgaris density culture in SWE. Hence, wastewater treatment incorporating microalgae culture could be greatly developed in the future to achieve a greener environment.
Sorafenib is an oral multi-target kinase inhibitor that has been used to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. The aim of the study was to prepare gum Arabic-chitosan (GA-CS) and gum Arabic-modified chitosan (GA-MCS) microcapsules containing sorafenib as the core phase by complex coacervation. The fluorescence microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules were clarified. The GA-MCS microcapsule was successfully performed at approximate pH of 4 with a 1% modified chitosan -to-5% gum Arabic ratio of 5:1 (v/v), while the GA-CS microcapsule was successfully prepared at pH 3.5 with a volume ratio of 1% chitosan -to-5% gum Arabic 1:1 (v/v). Sorafenib was encapsulated in the microcapsules as shown through the fluorescence microscopy images. The formation of GA-CS and GA-MCS microcapsules with hydrodynamic sizes of 6.31 μm and 6.56 μm, respectively, was successfully achieved. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the GA-MCS microcapsule was greater than that of the GA-CS microcapsule. The findings indicated that the GA-MCS microcapsule could be an appropriate formation to load sorafenib with a high encapsulation yield.
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