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The future of acute phase proteins (APPs) in science is discussed in this paper. Many functions and associated pathological processes of APPs are unknown. Extrahepatic formation in local tissues needs attention. Local serum amyloid A (SAA) formation may be involved in deposition of AA-amyloid induced by conformational change of SAA resulting in amyloid formation, having tremendous food safety implications. Amyloidogenesis is enhanced in mouse fed beta pleated sheet-rich proteins. The local amyloid in joints of chicken and mammary corpora amylacea is discussed. Differences in glycosylation of glycoproteins among the APPs, as has been shown for alpha1-acid glycoprotein, have to be considered. More knowledge on the reactivity patterns may lead to implication of APPs in the diagnostics and staging of a disease. Calculation of an index from values of several acute phase variables increases the power of APPs in monitoring unhealthy individuals in animal populations. Vaccinations, just as infections in eliciting acute phase response seem to limit the profitability of vaccines because acute phase reactions are contra-productive in view of muscle anabolism. Interest is focused on amino acid patterns and vitamins in view of dietary nutrition effect on sick and convalescing animals. When inexpensive methodology such as liquid phase methods (nephelometry, turbidimetry) or protein array technology for rapid APP measurement is available, APPs have a future in routine diagnostics. Specific groups of patients may be screened or populations monitored by using APP.

In this study, we prepared platinum (Pt)-containing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) catalysts using Pt photodeposition onto g-C3N4 modified by chemical oxidation, and the chemically oxidized Pt/g-C3N4 catalysts were applied to photocatalytic hydrogen evolution tests. The hydrogen production rates of the chemically oxidized Pt/g-C3N4 photocatalysts (2471.7 and 3640.8 μmol g–1 h–1) were found to be at least 5 times higher than those of bulk Pt/g-C3N4 (429.3 and 728.8 μmol g–1 h–1). Compared with bulk g-C3N4, the chemically oxidized g-C3N4 was composed of more positively charged locales induced nearby the oxygen-containing edges, which was proven by DFT calculations. As a result, the chemically oxidized Pt/g-C3N4 catalysts maintained the high ratio of Pt2+/Pt0 among the Pt nanoparticles during the Pt photodeposition. The higher proportion of Pt2+ sites on the chemically oxidized g-C3N4 enhanced the hydrogen evolution rate by their favorable water adsorption and hydrogen intermediates (Hads) desorption, thus suppressing the reversible reaction route of H2 to 2H+. Additionally, the chemically oxidized g-C3N4 with oxygen-containing functional groups improved the separation efficiency of photoexcited charges over Pt/g-C3N4.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is considered a promising technology to produce renewable hydrogen, a clean fuel or energy carrier to replace conventional carbon‐based fossil‐fuel sources. Nevertheless, the overall solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency and the cost‐effectiveness of this technology are still unsatisfactory for practical implementation. This can be primarily attributed to the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the relatively low economic value of cogenerated O2 production. Over the past decades, there are extensive efforts to explore more kinetically favorable photooxidation reactions, which coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can simultaneously improve H2 production yield and produce higher valuable alternatives to conventional O2. This review aims to present recent progress on the alternative anodic choices to OER. Here, the fundamental of PEC water splitting and the critical components required for this system are first shortly summarized. Then the benefits and issues of alternative photooxidation reactions including photooxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, alcohol, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, or urea oxidation when combined with the concurrent HER, are reviewed and analyzed. This review is concluded by presenting a critical evaluation of the challenges and opportunities of these alternative HER‐coupled photooxidation reactions for solar energy production and environmental treatment.