Euphorbia tithymaloides L., a native plant of tropical and subtropical areas in Asian countries which has been known as traditional medicine with a wide range of healing effects, such as anti-hemorrhagic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activity. The present study was orchestrated to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects of Euphorbia tithymaloides ethanol extract (ETE). The antiinflammatory and anti-diabetic activities were studied through the treatment of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes with various concentrations of ETE (50, 100, 200, and 400µg/mL). The results showed that ETE below 400µg/mL has no negative effect on RAW 264.7 cell proliferation. ETE decreased nitric oxide production in macrophages RAW 264.7 cell line and reduced the protein expression of cyclooxygenase 2, interlukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-kB in a dose-dependent manner. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the increase of ETE concentration did not affect cell viability, but significantly enhanced adipogenesis through increase in differentiation and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CEBPα, glucose transporter type 4 and insulin receptor substrate 1. ETE also stimulated 2-NBDG uptake through activation of the insulin signaling pathway through insulin-sensitizing PPARγ agonists in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings that ETE has immunomodulatory activity and anti-diabetic effects, which can be used for treating inflammation and type II diabetes.

The existences of protein are important to supply nutritional requirements and to support optimal growth performance in modern broiler chicken. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of purified amino acid (PAA) isolated from animal blood on growth performance and immune response. A total of one hundred of 1-day old broiler chicken were used in the experiment, following a completely randomized design of 4 groups of treatment differed in concentrations of PAA supplementation (T1: control, no PAA addition; T2: 0.05%; T3: 0.1%; and T4: 0.5%) with 4 replicates for each group. Levels of various cytokines, such as IgA, IgG, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ, were analyzed using an ELISA kit. Insulin-like growth factor 1, an important growth hormone, was also examined using an ELISA kit. The present result showed feed efficiency and average daily feed intake of broiler chicken increased significantly along with increasing concentrations of PAA (P<0.05). Plasma biochemical parameters and carcass traits were affected by supplementation of PAA. Insulin growth factor-1 levels were significantly increased along with increasing concentrations (until 0.5%) of PAA (P<0.05). Inflammatory marker levels significantly differed between the control and treatment groups. These results indicate that purified amino acid isolated from animal blood affected the immune response and growth performance of broiler chicken. Furthermore, PAA can be used in feed supplementation for broiler chickens without causing health issues. It suggests that the beneficial impacts of PAA on immune responses, as well as blood characteristics, may improve broiler performance.

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effects of supplementing laying hens with purified amino acids (PAA) derived from the blood of animal slaughter house on their egg production, egg quality, and immune response. The experiment was based on completely randomized design. A total of 144 Isa Brown laying hens (56-weeks old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pen replications (control, T1: 0.05%, T2: 0.1%, and T3: 0.5% PAA). Each pen housed nine laying hens. The laying hens were reared under a deep litter system. Once a week, a total of 12 eggs of each treatment were collected for egg quality analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and cytokines profiles using ELISA kit assays. Hen day egg production and hen house egg production increased significantly (P<0.05) along with the increase in PAA supplementation. The average egg weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with PAA supplementation. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also found in egg shell strength, shell thickness, and albumen ratio. Blood biochemical variables, such as glucose, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, and glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) were within the normal range. However, the glucose was highest in the control group. Whereas, the total cholesterol and total bilirubin were highest in T2 as compared to control group. Plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations were not affected by PAA supplementation. Plasma interferon gamma (IFNγ) of PAA supplemented treatment groups was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. However, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2. On the basis of these results, we conclude that PAA supplementation improved the production performance of laying hens without affecting their health.

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To overcome the loss in terms of mortality and morbidity as the result of the restriction of in-feed antibiotics, many alternatives have been proposed. Yeast cultures as feed additives have various physiological activities in ruminants. Supplementing yeast makes it possible to stimulate the growth of specific rumen microorganisms which ultimately improves the growth of ruminants. This study was designed to analyze the potential effect of green culture, a feed supplement with fermented yeast, in growth performance and immune status of Hanwoo steers. A total of 30 animals were divided into two experimental groups: Control and Green Culture. For each group, five pens were used. Three 6 to 8 months old Hanwoo steers were housed per pen. In-vitro rumen fermentation by the green culture was done to generate base evidence to reflect the In-vivo field trial results. It was found out that, the average daily gain of the treatment group (0.93±0.04kg) supplemented with green culture was significantly higher (p-value less than 0.05) than that of the control group (0.84±0.10kg). In-vitro, ruminal fermentation analysis showed that the total volatile acid content increased with the addition of green yeast culture. These results suggested that the ruminal digestibility of nutrients improved which is reflected in the increase in body weight. Moreover, there was an increase of acetic acid production, in the treatment group supplemented with GC, which is reported to be related to the formation of lipid precursor cells. Therefore, green culture seems to improve the growth of Hanwoo steers as well as their meat quality.