Smartphone use, e.g., on social network sites or instant messaging, can impair well-being and is related to clinical phenomena, like depression. Digital detox interventions have been suggested as a solution to reduce negative impacts from smartphone use on outcomes like well-being or social relationships. Digital detox is defined as timeouts from using electronic devices (e.g., smartphones), either completely or for specific subsets of smartphone use. However, until now, it has been unclear whether digital detox interventions are effective at promoting a healthy way of life in the digital era. This systematic literature review aimed to answer the question of whether digital detox interventions are effective at improving outcomes like health and well-being, social relationships, self-control or performance. Systematic searches of seven databases were carried out according to PRISMA guidelines, and intervention studies were extracted that examined timeouts from smartphone use and/or smartphone-related use of social network sites and instant messaging. The review yielded k = 21 extracted studies (total N = 3,625 participants). The studies included interventions in the field, from which 12 were identified as randomized controlled trials. The results showed that the effects from digital detox interventions varied across studies on health and well-being, social relationships, self-control, or performance. For example, some studies found positive intervention effects, whereas others found no effect or even negative consequences for well-being. Reasons for these mixed findings are discussed. Research is needed to examine mechanisms of change to derive implications for the development of successful digital detox interventions.

CHBs may provide one possible explanation for why adolescents fail to stop smoking.

Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs) are defined as beliefs that the negative consequences of unhealthy behaviours can be compensated for by engaging in healthy behaviours. CHBs have not yet been investigated within a framework of a behaviour change model, nor have they been investigated in detail regarding smoking. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate on a theoretical basis whether smoking-specific CHBs, as a cognitive construct, add especially to the prediction of intention formation but also to changes in smoking behaviour over and above predictors specified by the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). The sample comprised 385 adolescent smokers (mean age: 17.80). All HAPA-specific variables and a smoking-specific CHB scale were assessed twice, 4 months apart. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Smoking-specific CHBs were significantly negatively related to the intention to stop smoking over and above HAPA-specific predictors. Overall, 39% of variance in the intention to quit smoking was explained. For the prediction of smoking, CHBs were not able to explain variance over and above planning and self-efficacy. Thus, smoking-specific CHBs seem mainly important in predicting intentions but not behaviour. Overall, the findings contribute to the understanding of the role of smoking-specific CHBs within a health-behaviour change model.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world.

1Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs) -beliefs that an unhealthy behaviour can be 2 compensated for by healthy behaviour -are hypothesised to be activated automatically 3 to help people resolve conflicts between their desires (e.g. eat chocolate) and their long-4 term goals (e.g. dieting). The aim of the present research was to investigate diet-5 specific CHBs within the context of a theoretical framework, the Health Action Process 6 Approach (HAPA), to examine the extent to which diet-specific CHBs contribute to 7 dieting intentions and dietary intake. Seventy five dieting women were recruited in 8Switzerland and England and were asked to complete measures of diet-specific CHBs, 9 risk perception, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, intention, and behaviour. Path 10 modelling showed that, overall, diet-specific CHBs were not related to dieting 11 intentions (ß = .10) or behaviour (ß = .06) over and above variables specified in the 12 HAPA. However, risk perception moderated the relationship between diet-specific 13CHBs and intention (ß = .26). Diet-specific CHBs positively predicted intention in 14 women with high risk perception, but not in women with low risk perception. This 15 positive relationship might be explained by the assumption that CHBs play different 16 roles at different stages of the health-behaviour change process. Future studies should 17 further examine moderators and stage-specific differences of the associations between 18CHBs, intention and health-behaviour change. 19 20