More studies are needed to clarify the role of C. perfringens as a primary agent of diarrhoea in foals.

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Diarrhea is a major clinical problem affecting foals up to 3 months of age. The aim of this study was to identify enteric microorganisms involved in monoinfections and coinfections and the associated virulence factors in healthy and diarrheic foals. Diarrheic (D) (n = 56) and nondiarrheic (ND) foals (n = 60) up to three months of age were studied. Fecal samples were analyzed for identification of infectious agents (microbiological culturing, molecular techniques, and microscopic analyses). Escherichia coli fimH (30% versus 25%), Salmonella spp. (25% versus 7%), Strongyloides westeri (25% versus 25%), Clostridium perfringens type A (21% versus 10%), E. coli ag43 (20% versus 35%), Strongylus (11% versus 18%), and vapA-positive Rhodococcus equi (5% versus 2%) were the most frequent enteric pathogens detected in D and ND foals, respectively. The frequency of toxin A-positive C. perfringens was significantly increased in the D (p = 0.033) compared with the ND animals. R. equi strains harboring virulent plasmids were also identified (VapA 85-kb type I and VapA 87-kb type I) in D and ND foals. Coinfections were observed in 46% of the D and 33% of the ND foals. Our results demonstrate the great diversity of enteric pathogens, virulence factors, and coinfections involved in enteric infections of foals.

A mastite é a infecção mais frequente dos animais destinados à produção de leite e que mais onera a pecuária leiteira. As perdas econômicas são causadas tanto pelos honorários profissionais, medicamentos, morte ou descarte precoce de animais, bem como em laticínios, pela queda na qualidade do produto final e diminuição no rendimento industrial para a fabricação dos seus derivados e pelas alterações na composição do leite mastítico. Considerando a relevância desta enfermidade, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e etiologia de mastite na região de Nova Tebas -PR, analisando 336 vacas em lactação de 17 propriedades, totalizando 1324 quartos mamários através do CMT, CCS e isolamento bacteriano. Verificou-se 1120 quartos mamários (84,6%) AbstractMastitis is an infection which often commits animals assigned for milk production. It has been the major price raise factor for dairy cattle breeding. Economical losses impact on professional fees, drugs, death and early discard of the animal as well as dairy companies as a result of the downturn in product end-quality, decrease of industrial procedure regarding dairy product manufacturing and changes in mastitic milk composition. Considering the relevance of such disease, this study verifies mastitis prevalence and etiology in the region of Nova Tebas, PR by analyzing 336 lactating dairy cows from 17 farms, totalizing 1324 mammary quarters through CMT, SCS and bacterial isolation. Negative (1120 mammary quarters -84.6%) and positive (204 mammary quarters -15.4%) results for CMT were

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