Develops a classification or typology of the sports fan. Specifically, contends that five different types of sports fans exist: temporary, local, devoted, fanatical, and dysfunctional. The need exists to identify the different types of fans due to the inadequacies of past theories to explain the totality of fan behavior. The usefulness of the typology is demonstrated by offering specific segmentation strategies for each classification. Finally, directions for future research are presented.
This research examines how variations in consumers’ connectedness–separateness (C–S) self‐schema, which refers to an individual's perceptions of others as an extension of self or of the self as distinct from others, may explain cultural and gender‐level persuasion effects. Results from a cross‐cultural experiment demonstrate that a connected advertising appeal stressing interdependence and togetherness results in more favorable brand attitudes among Chinese and women consumers than does a separated appeal stressing independence and autonomy. Conversely, a separated appeal results in more favorable attitudes among U.S. and male consumers. Most important, the results suggest that the interactions detected between ad appeal and culture, as well as between ad appeal and gender, are mediated by distinct dimensions of consumers’ C–S. The self‐orientation dimension of C–S is shown to account for cultural‐level persuasion effects, whereas gender‐level effects are attributable to the dependence dimension. Thus, individual differences in these dimensions compose an important factor in explaining cultural and gender variations in consumers’ responses.
A survey was conducted in a large US metropolitan area of the West. The objective of the study was to determine if loyalty cards issued by supermarkets are actually associated with customer loyalty and how loyalty cards compare with other factors that retailers could use to enhance supermarket loyalty. The results indicate that loyalty cards are not associated with supermarket loyalty. Frequent users of loyalty cards are more likely to shop at different stores and use loyalty cards from several stores. The consumer respondents indicated that there are a number of factors other than having a supermarket loyalty card that would be more likely to increase their loyalty to any one supermarket. Besides confirming the universally accepted belief that consumers would be more loyal to conveniently located supermarkets, the respondents identified a few other factors that would enhance their supermarket loyalty such as stores that offer fast check‐out lanes. Loyalty factors were cluster analyzed into three categories, those most important, those least important, and those of moderate importance.
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