Given that autonomy is a fundamental process in the transition to adulthood, there are several scales that measure the concept as a main construct or a constituent feature of broader constructs. However, most of these scales are based on a notion of autonomy focused on the individual, while the proposed scale aims to incorporate the idea of the individual mediated by others and society. This article aims to show the results of the design and validation process of the Transition to Adulthood Autonomy Scale (EDATVA), which was developed using this approach. A group of 61 items with a Likert-type response scale of four options was used on a sample of 1,148 Spanish and Colombian individuals, aged between 16 and 21. A systematic process was performed using an exploratory factorial analysis. Additional indexes were calculated from the Rasch Model. The matrices obtained from the factorial analysis gave rise to a 4-factor structure comprising a total of 19 items with weights >0.3. In the case of Spain, the KMO test returned a value of 0.80 and in the case of Colombia, 0.83. In the Rasch model, the Item Separation Reliability (0.99) indicates that the items constitute a well-defined variable that meets the local independence assumption. Cronbach's alpha for the Spanish sample was 0.86 and for the Colombian sample 0.85. In conclusion, this new scale consists of four dimensions: self-organization, understanding context, critical thinking, and socio-political engagement. The scale is easy to use and interpret, especially considering the age range of the target population and its possible uses within the contexts of assessing and intervening in young people's behavior. Due to its characteristics, it can be used in family, educational, and social contexts. This scale is valuable for research because its optimal psychometric properties provide an alternative way of understanding autonomy.
INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido categorizar e integrar los resultados de investigaciones sobre la influencia de la familia y la educación en la autonomía de los jóvenes, con el fin de avanzar en su comprensión. Estos dos escenarios son resaltados por los investigadores como los más significativos en la construcción de la autonomía. MÉTODO. La revisión sistemática se realizó siguiendo la metodología planteada en la Cochrane Collaboration y la Declaración PRISMA a partir de una muestra de 31 artículos de investigación sobre autonomía y juventud, seleccionados a partir de diez bases de datos internacionales, con criterios de pertinencia y suficiencia, en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2014 y noviembre de 2018. Se trata de investigaciones de 17 países, fundamentalmente de tipo cuantitativo, aunque también cualitativo y mixto, cuya principal fuente de información son los propios jóvenes. RESULTADOS. En los resultados sobre autonomía y familia sobresale la incidencia de los estilos educativos parentales, donde el apoyo de los padres se relaciona con índices más altos de autonomía. En la educación formal, la autonomía en los procesos educativos facilita el aprendizaje y es fundamental en el tránsito a la educación superior. Se resalta el apoyo de los profesionales en las acciones socioeducativas en escenarios no formales y con jóvenes vulnerables, necesario para procesos de autonomía. Se ratifica, asimismo, la importancia de entender la autonomía como un proceso relacional y social, más que meramente individual. DISCUSIÓN. Destacan las aportaciones de este estudio en cuanto a la sistematización del campo de conocimiento sobre autonomía juvenil y sobre estilos familiares, educación formal y no formal, rol de los educadores e intervención socioeducativa con jóvenes en dificultad social.
Psychological well-being manifests itself in all aspects of human activity and is essential to understanding whether young people experience life satisfaction and whether, as they mature, well-being can be associated with different levels of personal autonomy. This quantitative study was developed within the framework of international research on young people’s autonomy in the transition to adulthood. Its main objectives were to analyze the relationship between psychological well-being and autonomy and examine potential variations between the two variables according to age. To this end, Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale and the Transition to Adulthood Autonomy Scale (EDATVA) designed by Bernal et al., were used with a sample of 1,148 young people aged 16–21 from Madrid, Spain, and Bogotá, Colombia. The results show that almost all the dimensions on the Psychological Well-Being Scale correlate significantly and positively with the dimensions on the EDATVA scale. Specifically, moderate correlations were obtained between self-organization on the EDATVA scale and purpose in life (r = 0.568; p = 0.01) and environmental mastery (r = 0.447; p = 0.01) on the Psychological Well-Being Scale. In turn, autonomy on Ryff’s scale obtained the highest correlation (r = 0.382; p = 0.01) with understanding context on the EDATVA scale. It was also found that the older 18–21 age group obtained higher scores than the younger 16–17 age group in all dimensions on both the EDATVA and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. Earlier studies endorse the results found in this research, especially the differences in the scores for both scales according to age groups. This opens avenues for future research to analyze the relationship between psychological well-being and autonomy as independent variables in other sectors of the population.
nes de estos resultados, haciendo especial énfasis en las demandas y retos que afronta la escuela en el marco de la globalización.Palabras clave: significados, interacciones, infancia, familia, escuela, globalización. AbstractThis study was managed to investigate on the meanings built by children, family parents and teachers about the childhood, the family and the school in the context of the globalization. A survey was applied at a group of 73 children and girls, 52 family parents and 52 teachers that were linked to several school institutions of the city of Bogotá. The results showed convergences and divergences among the three groups of participants concerning their current meaning about the childhood and the school and family interactions. In general, it was observed that the children and, in smaller grade, the family parents tend to a positive valuation of the changes associated with the globalization, while the teachers incline toward more critical postures. The socioeconomic stratum served as variable moderator in some of the meanings expressed by the three groups of participants in the study. In the discussion the implications of these results are analyzed, making special emphasis in the demands and challenges that the school confronts in the frame of the globalization
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