Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O' Donnell), is a serious threat to pine forests globally. The recent introduction of the pathogen 2 of 34 to Southern Europe and its spread in Mediterranean region is alarming considering the immense ecological and economic importance of pines in the region. Pines in forests and nurseries can be infected, resulting in severe growth losses and mortality. The pathogen is known to spread in plants for planting and in seeds, and results from recent studies have indicated that F. circinatum may also spread through phoretic associations with certain insects. With this review, we aim to expand the current understanding of the risk of insect-mediated spread of PPC in different parts of Europe. Through the joint action of a multinational researcher team, we collate the existing information about the insect species spectrum in different biogeographic conditions and scrutinize the potential of these insects to transmit F. circinatum spores in forests and nurseries. We also discuss the impact of environmental factors and forest management in this context. We present evidence for the existence of a high diversity of insects with potential to weaken pines and disseminate PPC in Europe, including several common beetle species. In many parts of Europe, temperatures are projected to rise, which may promote the activity of several insect species, supporting multivoltinism and thus, further amplifying the risk of insect-mediated dissemination of PPC. Integrated pest management (IPM) solutions that comply with forest management practices need to be developed to reduce this risk. We recommend careful monitoring of insect populations as the basis for successful IPM. Improved understanding of environmental control of the interaction between insects, the pathogen, and host trees is needed in order to support development of bio-rational strategies to safeguard European pine trees and forests against F. circinatum in future.

Utjecaj gljiva truležnica roda Heterobasidion i Armillaria na pojavu truleži na stablima obične smreke provedeno je na Šumskogospodarskom području “Gornjebosansko”, gospodarska jedinica “Gornja Stavnja”, odjeljenje 65. Utvrđivanje prisutnosti truleži vršeno je na srušenim stablima obične smreke na premjernim površinama koje su raspoređene u sistematski postavljenoj mreži 100 m x 100 m. Uzorci su prikupljeni sa tri mjesta na dijelu debla zahvaćenom procesom truleži (početak zone truleži, sredina i vršna zona truleži). Na mjestima uzorkovanja uzimani su kolutovi drva debljine 5 cm. Analize uzoraka su provedene u laboratorijima Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Za izravnu izolaciju gljivične DNA su pripremljeni uzroci drva mase 10-20 mg. Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta DNK korištene su tubice s pripremljenim reagensima, proizvod ReadyToGo PCR beads tvrtke Amersham, Bioscience. Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta ITS regije za rod Heterobasidion su korišteni početnice MJ-F, MJ-R, KJ-F i KJ-R, pomoću kojih je utvrđena međuvrsna raznolikost (tablica 2). Za amplifikaciju ciljanog segmenta ITS regiona za rod Armillaria su korišteni početnice ITS-1 i ITS-4, pomoću kojih je utvrđena samo pripadnost rodu. Za međuvrsnu raznolikost je vršena amplifikacija ciljanog segmenta IGS regiona za rod Armillaria pomoću početnice LR12 i O-1, te razgradnja endonukleazom AluI (tablica 3). Uspješnost amplifikacije je provjerena elektroforezom na agaroznom gelu. Interpretacija profila je izvršena pomoću molekularnog markera poznate veličine (100 bp) (slika 1). Na osnovi provedenih istraživanja unutar istraživane sastojine utvrđeno je 9 stabala s gljivom H. parviporum, 2 stabla s gljivom A. ostoyae, 1 stablo s gljivom A. cepistipes, te 17 stabala čiju trulež su uzrokovale ostale gljive truležnice (tablica 4). Gljiva H. annosum je uspješno identificirana iz plodišta. Na osnovi svega navedenog, može se zaključiti da je molekularnim analizama moguće utvrđivati međuvrsnu raznolikost gljiva ova dva roda iz uzoraka drveta sa truleži i plodišta gljiva.

UDK: 630*44:632.25(234.422 Igman)              Silver Fir in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the important coniferous species of trees in term of forestry and biodiversity. Numerous harmful factors have the impact to its health and vitality. One of them is different damages of standing trees by machinery. These injuries represent suitable entering openings for microorganisms which afterwards cause decay of the wood. Wood affected by this process has a decreased quality or it becomes completely unusable. Infection and development of decay are in correlation with the size of the injuries and its position on the tree. In recent times the methods of analysis of decay based on the flow of electric energy or sound through the wood were developed. One of these methods is the sound tomography which gives us the possibility to review the condition of the tree without the need to cut it or damage it significantly. It is performed by the device called tomograph. In this paper, by the method of tomography, the presence of signs of decay of wood on injured trees of Silver Fir was identified.

Prezentirani su rezultati istraživanja gljiva prašuma šuma "Ravna vala" na planini Igman kod Sarajeva i "Trstionica" kod Kaknja realizovani u periodu 2001-2003. Ovo je prvi izvještaj na ovu temu koji pokazuje da su prašume šume dobar rezervoar gljiva. Ovdje se mogu naći neke vrlo rijetke vrste.

Armillaria je rod patogena i saprofita. Neke od ovih vrsta uzrokuju bolesti truleži korijena i ponekad veliku smrtnost stabala izloženih faktorima stresa, npr. požari, insekti, imela, zagađenje itd. Armillaria spp. su uobičajene u Bosni i Hercegovini, javljaju se kako u prirodnim šumama tako i na plantažama, ali nema saznanja o tome koja vrsta naseljava određena područja i koja je od njih značajan patogen. Prikazani rad čini prvi korak u istraživanju Armillaria u Bosni i Hercegovini kako bi se identifikovale uobičajene vrste i bolje razumjela njihova uloga u našim šumskim ekosistemima.