Abstract-Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates intravascular lipoprotein remodeling by promoting the heteroexchange of neutral lipids. To determine whether the degree of triglyceridemia may influence the CETP-mediated redistribution of HDL CE between atherogenic plasma lipoprotein particles in type 2 diabetes, we evaluated CE mass transfer from HDL to apoB-containing lipoprotein acceptors in the plasma of type 2 diabetes subjects (nϭ38). In parallel, we investigated the potential relationship between CE transfer and the appearance of an atherogenic dense LDL profile. The diabetic population was divided into 3 subgroups according to fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) levels: group 1 (G1), TGϽ100 mg/dL; group 2 (G2), 100ϽTGϽ200 mg/dL; and group 3 (G3), TGϾ200 mg/dL. Type 2 diabetes patients displayed an asymmetrical LDL profile in which the dense LDL subfractions predominated. Plasma levels of dense LDL subfractions were strongly positively correlated with those of plasma triglyceride (TG) (rϭ0.471; Pϭ0.0003). The rate of CE mass transfer from HDL to apoB-containing lipoproteins was significantly enhanced in G3 compared with G2 or G1 (46.2Ϯ8.1, 33.6Ϯ5.3, and 28.2Ϯ2.7 g CE transferred ⅐ h Ϫ1 ⅐ mL Ϫ1 in G3, G2, and G1, respectively; PϽ0.0001 G3 versus G1, Pϭ0.0001 G2 versus G1, and Pϭ0.02 G2 versus G3). The relative capacities of VLDL and LDL to act as acceptors of CE from HDL were distinct between type 2 diabetes subgroups. LDL particles represented the preferential CE acceptor in G1 and accounted for 74% of total CE transferred from HDL. By contrast, in G2 and G3, TG-rich lipoprotein subfractions accounted for 47% and 72% of total CE transferred from HDL, respectively. Moreover, the relative proportion of CE transferred from HDL to VLDL 1 in type 2 diabetes patients increased progressively with increase in plasma TG levels. The VLDL 1 subfraction accounted for 34%, 43%, and 52% of total CE transferred from HDL to TG-rich lipoproteins in patients from G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Finally, dense LDL acquired an average of 45% of total CE transferred from HDL to LDL in type 2 diabetes patients. In conclusion, CETP contributes significantly to the formation of small dense LDL particles in type 2 diabetes by a preferential CE transfer from HDL to small dense LDL, as well as through an indirect mechanism involving an enhanced CE transfer from HDL to VLDL 1 , the specific precursors of small dense LDL particles in plasma. T he most common alterations in lipid and lipoprotein profile in type 2 diabetes involve an elevation in both postprandial and fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) and VLDL concentrations, a dense LDL phenotype, and low levels of HDL cholesterol. 1 Hypertriglyceridemia contributes significantly to the increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. 2 There is a strong positive correlation between plasma concentrations of TG and small dense LDL in nondiabetic subjects, suggesting that plasma TG concentrations influence LDL subclass distribution. 3 The particle si...

Although performances appeared to be only remotely related to blood glucose, our data provide evidence that a low GI breakfast allows better cognitive performances later in the morning.

MALPUECH-BRUGÈ RE, CORINNE, WILHELMINE

Background: Plant sterol (PS)-enriched foods have been shown to reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. In most studies, however, PSs were incorporated into food products of high fat content. Objective: We examined the effect of daily consumption of PSsupplemented low-fat fermented milk (FM) on the plasma lipid profile and on systemic oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Design: Hypercholesterolemic subjects (LDL-cholesterol concentrations ͧ130 and ͨ 190 mg/dL; n ҃ 194) consumed 2 low-fat portions of FM in the same meal daily for 6 wk. Subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups: low-fat FM enriched with 0.8 g PS ester per portion or control FM. Plasma concentrations of lipids, oxidized LDL, ␤-carotene, ␤-sitosterol, campesterol, and highsensitivity C-reactive protein were measured during the trial. Results: Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 9.5% and 7.8% after 3 and 6 wk, respectively, in the 1.6-g/d PS group compared with the control group, whereas plasma triacylglycerol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were not significantly affected. In addition, there were no significant changes in serum ␤-carotene on normalization to LDL cholesterol during the study period in both groups, whereas plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL were reduced significantly in the PS group compared with the control group (Ҁ1.73 compared with 1.40 U/L, respectively; P 0.05). Plasma sitosterol concentrations were increased by 35% (P 0.001 compared with control); however, campesterol concentrations did not change during the study period. Conclusion: Daily consumption of 1.6 g PS in low-fat FM efficiently lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia without deleterious effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:790 -6.