Background
Exosomes are nanosized bio vesicles formed when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane merge and discharge into bodily fluids. They are well recognized for facilitating intercellular communication by transporting numerous biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids, and have been implicated in varied diseases including cancer. Exosomes may be altered to transport a variety of therapeutic payloads, including as short interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic drugs, and immunological modulators, and can be directed to a specific target. Exosomes also possess the potential to act as a diagnostic biomarker in cancer, in addition to their therapeutic potential.
Conclusion
In this review, the physiological roles played by exosomes were summarized along with their biogenesis process. Different isolation techniques of exosomes including centrifugation-based, size-based, and polymer precipitation-based techniques have also been described in detail with a special focus on cancer therapeutic applications. The review also shed light on techniques of incubation of drugs with exosomes and their characterization methods covering the most advanced techniques. Myriad applications of exosomes in cancer as diagnostic biomarkers, drug delivery carriers, and chemoresistance-related issues have been discussed at length. Furthermore, a brief overview of exosome-based anti-cancer vaccines and a few prominent challenges concerning exosomal delivery have been concluded at the end.
Graphical abstract
The one-dimensional (1D) transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures have significant advantages in electrochemical energy storage fields. To date, simplifying the processing techniques and improving the yield without compromising the quality are one of the top priorities in pushing these TMO materials for scalable energy storage applications. This study presents a simple ultrasonic-assisted chemical route to prepare Na 2 V 6 O 16 (NVO) nanobelts. The X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy characterizations are used to confirm the formation of 1D NVO nanobelt structures. The growth mechanism for the formation of NVO nanobelts is also provided. Moreover, these synthesized NVO nanobelts are used as an electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) applications, which exhibit a specific capacitance of 455 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 with typical capacitive behavior. An asymmetric coin cell SC device of activated carbon//NVO is also fabricated. This fabricated device delivers a high energy density of 42.4 W h kg −1 and a high power density of 4.3 kW h kg −1 , along with 80% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. The 1D NVO nanobelt structures can be considered a promising cathode material with superior rate capability and high capacitance for SC applications.
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