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Encapsulation of platinum-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) within carbon nanocapsules and synthesis of single-layered (SL) carbon nanotubes by arc evaporation of metal/carbon composites have been studied. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that all the platinum-group metals, forming small particles (10–200 nm in diameter), were encapsulated within multilayered graphitic cages. Particles trapped in the cages were single-domain crystallites in normal metallic phases. Rh, Pd, and Pt showed catalytic activity for growing SL carbon tubes, but the other metals did not. Bundles of dense SL tubes with diameter 1.3–1.7 nm were extruding radially from metal particles for Rh and Pd; the sizes of core particles were 20–30 nm for Rh, and 50–200 nm for Pd. In the case of Pt, one or a few SL tubes (typically 1.3–2.0 nm in diameter and sometimes ∼3 nm) grew from a tiny particle (∼10 nm).

Since CAM resistance and the incidence of side effects are higher in young individuals, it is especially important to select eradication regimens based on testing for antimicrobial susceptibility.

No abstract

Helicobacter suis is the second most prevalent Helicobacter species in the stomach of humans suffering from gastric disease. This bacterium mainly inhabits the stomach of domesticated pigs, in which it causes gastric disease, but it appears to be absent in wild boars. Interestingly, it also colonizes the stomach of asymptomatic rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. The origin of modern human-, pig- or non-human primate-associated H. suis strains in these respective host populations was hitherto unknown. Here we show that H. suis in pigs possibly originates from non-human primates. Our data suggest that a host jump from macaques to pigs happened between 100 000 and 15 000 years ago and that pig domestication has had a significant impact on the spread of H. suis in the pig population, from where this pathogen occasionally infects humans. Thus, in contrast to our expectations, H. suis appears to have evolved in its main host in a completely different way than its close relative Helicobacter pylori in humans.