NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, NTT Photonics Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Optics and Electronics Laboratory, Fujikura Ltd., 1440, Mutsuzaki, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8550 Japan (5) Hokkaido University, North 14 West 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido,

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As a next step the PMD compensator was inserted. The controller maximised the 25 and 4OGHz power levels. The autocorrelation trace reveals a slightly narrower pulse with a deconvolved 5. 2~s width (Fig. 2). Similar pulse peaking has already been found in NRZ experiments [3, 6, 81. Then the emulator was Development of the modelocked laser was funded in ACTS project ESTHER and "I-Project (Univ. Paderborn).

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A new estimation method is proposed in order to clarify waveguide phase error factors. Using the proposed method, it is possible to analyze such factors as core size error and refractive index error, which cause optical phase error in waveguides. This method is applied to silica-based waveguides to estimate the waveguide phase error. This revealed an average core size error of 2.1 2 10 03 m and an average refractive index error of 1.9 2 10 06 . Finally, based on the measured phase error values, the optimum AWG configuration is considered with a view to achieving low crosstalk.Index Terms-Optical planar waveguides, optical waveguide arrays, optical crosstalk, optical phase error, silica-based waveguides, wavelength division multiplexing.