COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the globe, posing an enormous threat to public health and safety. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in combination with Western medicine (WM), has made important and lasting contributions in the battle against COVID-19. In this review, updated clinical effects and potential mechanisms of TCM, presented in newly recognized three distinct phases of the disease, are summarized and discussed. By integrating the available clinical and preclinical evidence, the efficacies and underlying mechanisms of TCM on COVID-19, including the highly recommended three Chinese patent medicines and three Chinese medicine formulas, are described in a panorama. We hope that this comprehensive review not only provides a reference for health care professionals and the public to recognize the significant contributions of TCM for COVID-19, but also serves as an evidence-based in-depth summary and analysis to facilitate understanding the true scientific value of TCM.

We employ near‐field GPS data to determine the subsurface geometry of a collapsing caldera during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption. Collapse occurred in 62 discrete events, with “inflationary” deformation external to the collapse, similar to previous basaltic collapses. We take advantage of GPS data from the collapsing block and independent constraints on the magma chamber geometry from inversion of deflation prior to collapse onset. This provides an unparalleled opportunity to constrain the collapse geometry. Employing an axisymmetric finite element model, the co‐collapse displacements are best explained by piston‐like subsidence along a high angle (∼85°) normal ring fault that may steepen to vertical with depth. Reservoir magma has compressibility of 2→15 × 10−10 Pa−1, indicating bubble volume fractions from 1% to 7% (lower if fault steepens with depth). Magma pressure increases during collapses are 1 to 3 MPa, depending on compressibility. Depressurization of a triaxial point source in a homogeneous half‐space fits the data well but provides a biased representation of the source depth and process.

Although Danhong injection (DHI) is the most widely prescribed Chinese medicine for both stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), its underlying common molecular mechanisms remain unclear. An integrated network pharmacology and experimental verification approach was used to decipher common pharmacological mechanisms of DHI on stroke and CAD treatment. A compound-target-disease & function-pathway network was constructed and analyzed, indicating that 37 ingredients derived from DH (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Flos Carthami tinctorii and DHI) modulated 68 common targets shared by stroke and CAD. In-depth network analysis results of the top diseases, functions, pathways and upstream regulators implied that a common underlying mechanism linking DHI’s role in stroke and CAD treatment was inflammatory response in the process of atherosclerosis. Experimentally, DHI exerted comprehensive anti-inflammatory effects on LPS, ox-LDL or cholesterol crystal-induced NF-κB, c-jun and p38 activation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. Ten of 14 predicted ingredients were verified to have significant anti-inflammatory activities on LPS-induced endothelial inflammation. DHI exerts pharmacological efficacies on both stroke and CAD through multi-ingredient, multi-target, multi-function and multi-pathway mode. Anti-endothelial inflammation therapy serves as a common underlying mechanism. This study provides a new understanding of DHI in clinical application on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

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The supply, storage, and subsurface transport of magma are some of the most fundamental, yet least understood volcanic processes (Poland et al., 2014). These processes, along with eruptive dynamics, are modulated by the geometry and nature of the pathways connecting magmatic reservoirs (Keating et al., 2008). The geometry and dimensions of individual pathways can be constrained by inverting surface deformation with continuum mechanics based models (e.g., Owen et al., 2000;Montagna & Gonnermann, 2013). However, with multiple reservoirs and a network of magmatic pathways, estimating the dimensions of each pathway directly from deformation can be challenging. Because magma flux is proportional to the hydraulic conductivity of the pathway, and pressure change in a reservoir depends on magma flux, time dependent deformation associated with each reservoir may reveal the connectivity of a multi-reservoir system (e.g., Bato et al., 2018;Le Mével et al., 2016;Reverso et al., 2014). Here we demonstrate that, physics-based models, coupled with Bayesian inversion, can synthesize multi-reservoir conceptual models with geodetic measurements to quantitatively constrain the hydraulic connectivity of magmatic systems.Despite decades of research, the nature of Kīlauea's summit reservoirs and their connectivity to the East Rift Zone remains enigmatic (we reserve "East Rift Zone" for the geographic location and "ERZ" for the reservoir active in the observation period). Efforts to interpret summit deformation in terms of simple reservoir models yielded diverse reservoir locations and geometries (e.g., Baker & Amelung, 2012;Fiske & Kinoshita, 1969). Although modeled reservoirs cluster into two groups -a shallow Halema'uma'u (HMM) and a deeper South Caldera (SC) reservoir (e.g., Cervelli & Miklius, 2003;Poland et al., 2014), it has been suggested that the summit system represents a single irregularly shaped reservoir (Dieterich & Decker, 1975;Ryan, 1988). This ambiguity arises because deformation signals associated with these reservoirs are almost always of the same sign. The configuration of magmatic pathways connecting Kīlauea's summit reservoirs and ERZ is also elusive. Cervelli and Miklius (2003) argue that an "Γ shaped" pathway connecting the deeper SC reservoir to the shallower HMM reservoir, and then to ERZ, is required to explain the drainage Abstract From August 2018 to May 2019, Kīlauea's summit exhibited unique, simultaneous, inflation and deflation, apparent in both GPS time series and cumulative InSAR displacement maps. This deformation pattern provides clear evidence that the Halema'uma'u (HMM) and South Caldera (SC) reservoirs are distinct. Post-collapse inflation of the East Rift Zone (ERZ), as captured by InSAR, indicates concurrent magma transfer from the summit reservoirs to the ERZ. We present a physics-based model that couples pressure-driven flow between these magma reservoirs to simulate time dependent summit deformation. We take a two-step approach to quantitatively constrain Kīlauea's magmatic plumbing system. ...