The study investigates the phytochemistry, Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), atomic Absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) and antidiabetic activities of aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in diabetic alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, AAS and antidiabetic properties of the aqueous ginger extract were determined using standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous ginger extract shows that the extract contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, simple phenolic, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar and steroids. The GC-MS study of the aqueous Zingiber officinale extract revealed the presence of eleven different compounds with 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5-(1,5-dimethy 4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-, [S-(R*,S*)]-been the most abundant with peak area of 33.98%. The AAS analysis shows that ginger contain: Ca, Na, Fe, K, P and Zn minerals. Twenty five (25) Wistar rats were grouped into 5 groups and investigated for antidiabetic study for a period of 15 days. Group A and B animals were normal and negative control respectively. Group B rats were induced with alloxan and not treated with drugs or extract. Animals in other groups (C, D and E rats) were diabetic and treated with standard drug (glibenclamide with concentration of 10 mg/kg), 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous ginger extract respectively. The group of rats treated with 10, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide and aqueous ginger extract showed significant reduction (p<0.0001) in the level of blood sugar level when compared to group B animals. There were significant reduction (p<0.0001) in plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoproteincholesterol and an increase in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and body weight in the treated rats compared to the untreated group B rats.
Background: Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker is used by the traditional people in southwest Nigeria for arresting bleeding from cuts and treating bacterial infections especially wound infection without scientific proof of its efficacy. The plant was investigated in animal models for its antidepressant activity in Swiss mice. Methods: The GC-MS, phytochemical analyses, antioxidant activities, tail suspension test, forced swimming test and oxidative stress parameters were determined using standard procedures. Results: A total of 27 compounds were identified consisting of five prominent compounds and 22 minor compounds. The five prominent compounds constitute 63.99% of the Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker plant. The five major compounds and their percentage abundance are: Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trime thyl- (21.36%), Squalene (18.69%), Neophytadiene (10.71%), 2-Tridecanol (6.66%) and 2-Dodecanol (6.57%). The phytochemicals present in the methanolic leaf extract of C polycephalum are: flavonoids, steroid, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds and carbohydrate The extract has the ability to scavenge DPPH activity and it contains other components like: total proanthocyanidine (1.369±0.184), flavonoids (2.4%), β-Carotene (0.1336± 0.45 µg) and lycopene (0.0340±0.053µg/g). The antidepressant result showed robust and dose-dependent antidepressant-like activity of Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker. There are statistically significant (P<0.0001) reductions in the duration of immobility time both in the tail suspension and forced swimming test. Clerodendrum polycephalum extract produced significant (P<0.0001-0.0044) increase in total protein of the plasma, liver and kidney homogenate of the treated groups (Group C, D and E) compared to the untreated mice in group B. The level of antioxidant parameter such as catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significant increased (P<0.0001) and MDA values significantly reduce (P<0.0001-0.0014) in the treated groups administered with the extract and imipramine compared to the untreated mice in group B. Conclusion: The results show that methanolic leaf extract of the Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker has potential antioxidant and antidepressant activities and further studies should be conducted to identify, isolate and evaluate its potential active compound responsible for such effect.
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