Obesity has recently emerged as one of the most severe health concerns. Obesity is a key autonomous risk factor for heart failure and contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities. Obesity is caused by a metabolic imbalance, which occurs when calories burnt are fewer than the number of calories consumed. There are several pathways accountable for the adverse impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular system. Inflammatory cell infiltration develops in the adipose tissue, the pancreas, and other issues similar to the progression of obesity. Inflammation is triggered by immune cells that invade dysfunctional adipose tissue. The atherosclerotic inflammation phase, related to obesity, induces coronary calcification. Obesity is linked to elevated levels of leptin and high blood pressure. Leptin causes systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure by influencing the synthesis of nitric oxide and activating the sympathetic nervous system. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for CVD and is one of the leading causes of the greater risk of diseases, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, depression, metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in adults and children.When used with dietary improvements, antiobesity drugs improve the probability of experiencing clinically healthy (5%) weight loss. This review aimed to address the consequences of obesity on cardiac structure and function, risk factors, the impact of the obesity paradox, pharmacological treatment strategies for managing and recommended exercise and diet.
Objective: Periodontal disease can be a source of subclinical and persistent infection that may induce systemic inflammatory responses that increase the risk of preterm birth. The goal of this study was to establish whether periodontal disease is a risk factor for preterm birth and to evaluate the association of this risk with gestational age. Study Design: This descriptive cross-sectional study included postpartum women with periodontal disease admitted to the maternity care unit of five different medical college hospitals in Dhaka City. Methods: The sample size was 111 postpartum; all of them had mild, moderate, or severe periodontitis. A periodontal examination was performed within 48 hours of delivery to determine the severity of periodontal disease. The outcome variable is preterm birth (define as birth occurring before 37 weeks of gestational age.). The statistical analysis of the data was carried out by using software program SPSS version 17. Results: The prevalence of severe periodontitis was 11.7% (13/111), moderate periodontitis was 36% (40/111), and mild periodontitis was 52.3% (58/111). From the variables that described the socio-demographic characteristics, only age had a significant association with preterm birth, and the mother having a lower age than normal and the mother having higher age than normal had an increased prevalence of preterm birth. From the variables that described the oral health related characteristics, regular visits to a dentist and pain in the tooth had a significant association with preterm birth (P<0.05). From the variables which that described the pregnancy related characteristics, BMI, previous history of miscarriage or abortion, previous history of preterm birth, antenatal check-up, and genital infection had a significant association with preterm birth (P<0.05). From the variables that described the socio-demographic characteristics, only education level had significant associations with periodontitis (P<0.05). Practical implication: The study suggests that periodontal disease may increase the risk of preterm birth in pregnant women. Therefore, improving the periodontal health of pregnant women may improve pregnancy outcomes. Regular visits to the dentist and early treatment of tooth pain may help in identifying and managing periodontal disease in pregnant women. Additionally, healthcare providers should consider periodontal health as a potential risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and incorporate it into prenatal care. However, more research is needed to determine the causal relationship between periodontal disease and preterm birth, and to identify key confounders. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a specific drive to improve the periodontal health of pregnant women could be a means of improving pregnancy outcomes. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether only periodontal diseases play a causal role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Additional longitudinal, epidemiologic, and interventional studies with clear and consistent definitions of periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, sufficiently large sample sizes, and controls for key confounders are needed to validate this association and to determine whether it is causal. Keywords: maternal periodontal disease; preterm birth; risk factors; gestational age; epidemiology; dental visits
Objective: Drinking water quality is of great concern because of different water borne diseases and negative impacts on the health of humans. Increased trend of bottled water usage is seen around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiochemical and bacteriological quality of tap and bottled drinking water and campare their parameters. Methods: This study is carried out to determine the physicochemical and microbial properties of the bottled and tap water available in the Lahore city of Pakistan.15 different samples of each bottled and tap water were collected from different areas of Lahore. The investigated parameters were mainly total dissolved solid(TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total coliform, Pseudomonas, sodium, arsenic, iron, colour and taste using standard analytical techniques available in the laboratory. The data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that among 15 different bottled water samples, 66.7% samples contain pseudomonas bacteria and 26.7% samples were contaminated with total coliform the other parameters (sodium, arsenic, TDS, iron ) were under safe limit whereas 100% of tap water samples were contaminated. Although some parameters of bottled water in Lahore city were within acceptable range, but most of the bottled water was contaminated with total coliform and pseudomonasthatis not safe to the consumers' health and none of tap water sample was safe. Practical Implication: This study will be made available to readers for the awareness of water quality and its problem concerned. As ill impacts of contaminated water particularly with above mentioned contaminents, include waterborne diseases and other many diseases. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the use of bottled drinking water is based on the assumption that it is pure. In thisstudy, 66.7% of bottled water and 100% of tap water samples were contaminated with total coliform and pseudomonas exceeding WHO standards. The findings of our study also suggest that as compared to tap water, the bottled drinking water may be safer to drink. Keywords: water, quality, contamination, bottled water, tap water
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