Abstract:Evaporation involves the change in state of a liquid to a vapour. The evaporation rate from salt-water resources depends mostly on saturated vapour pressure above its surface. On the other hand, the saturated vapour pressure is affected by the ion activity coefficient, which stems from the chemical salt concentration of water. Thus, an increase in concentration of water results in a reduction of saturated vapour pressure. In order to acquire the actual rate of evaporation from salt-water resources, a uniform set of evaporation pans with different but specified salt concentrations were used, in a meteorological station under the same conditions. The difference in evaporation rate of each pan can only stem from the difference in chemical salt concentration and, indeed, the molar fraction of water in each saline solution. Therefore, by applying the water molar fraction in the pressure term of fresh-water evaporation measurement formulas, these equations were developed further for determination of evaporation rate from salt-water resources. The proposed formulas using very simple terms seem to be suitable for determination of evaporation rate from any water (typically saline, semi-saline and fresh water) with a satisfactory precision.
The dependence of the auto-refining process of the Lavin River, Iran, on the types and the quality of chemicals and organic compounds discharged into the river as the wastewater generated by sugar beet industries located nearby, was investigated. For the purposes of this study, sampling was performed utilizing a design-based static stationary sampling pattern. Several study stations were selected around the waste discharge location in order to perform sampling and field investigations during three sampling campaigns within two years. Numerous analytical procedures were performed on the samples for water quality assessment. In addition, a recently developed dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was employed as a more sensitive sample preparation method for the instrumental chemical analysis, in order to enhance the limits of detection of the trace biocide residues. The evaluation and validation of the data acquired from the field observations, sampling, and river water quality assessment was performed using statistical methods. The obtained results showed that the auto-refining process is an exclusive river remediation factor that indicates a variety of auto-refining capacities for various chemical, physical and biological contaminating parameters affecting the water quality of the Lavin River.
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