The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G) is the largest available database of deep, homogeneous middle-infrared (mid-IR) images of galaxies of all types. The survey, which includes 2352 nearby galaxies, reveals galaxy morphology only minimally affected by interstellar extinction. This paper presents an atlas and classifications of S 4 G galaxies in the Comprehensive de Vaucouleurs revised Hubble-Sandage (CVRHS) system. The CVRHS system follows the precepts of classical de Vaucouleurs (1959) morphology, modified to include recognition of other features such as inner, outer, and nuclear lenses, nuclear rings, bars, and disks, spheroidal galaxies, X patterns and box/peanut structures, OLR subclass outer rings and pseudorings, bar ansae and barlenses, parallel sequence late-types, thick disks, and embedded disks in 3D early-type systems. We show that our CVRHS classifications are internally consistent, and that nearly half of the S 4 G sample consists of extreme late-type systems (mostly bulgeless, pure disk galaxies) in the range Scd-Im. The most common family classification for mid-IR types S0/a to Sc is SA while that for types Scd to Sm is SB. The bars in these two type domains are very different in mid-IR structure and morphology. This paper examines the bar, ring, and type classification fractions in the sample, and also includes several montages of images highlighting the various kinds of "stellar structures" seen in mid-IR galaxy morphology.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke and a critical disease usually leading to severe disability or death. ICH is more common in Asians, advanced age, male sex, and low- and middle-income countries. The case fatality rate of ICH is high (40% at 1 month and 54% at 1 year), and only 12% to 39% of survivors can achieve long-term functional independence. Risk factors of ICH are hypertension, current smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, hypocholesterolemia, and drugs. Old age, male sex, Asian ethnicity, chronic kidney disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) increase the risk of ICH. Clinical presentation varies according to the size and location of hematoma, and intraventricular extension of hemorrhage. Patients with CAA-related ICH frequently have concomitant cognitive impairment. Anticoagulation related ICH is increasing recently as the elderly population who have atrial fibrillation is increasing. As non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are currently replacing warfarin, management of NOAC-associated ICH has become an emerging issue.

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We have analyzed the radial distribution of old stars in a sample of 218 nearby face-on disks, using deep 3.6 µm images from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G). In particular, we have studied the structural properties of those disks with a broken or down-bending profile. We find that, on average, disks with a genuine single exponential profile have a scale-length and a central surface brightness which are intermediate to those of the inner and outer components of a downbending disk with the same total stellar mass. In the particular case of barred galaxies, the ratio between the break and the bar radii (R br /R bar ) depends strongly on the total stellar mass of the galaxy. For galaxies more massive than 10 10 M ⊙ , the distribution is bimodal, peaking at R br /R bar ∼ 2 and ∼ 3.5. The first peak, which is the most populated one, is linked to the Outer Lindblad Resonance of the bar, whereas the second one is consistent with a dynamical coupling between the bar and the spiral pattern. For galaxies below 10 10 M ⊙ , breaks are found up to ∼ 10R bar , but we show that they could still be caused by resonances given the rising nature of rotation curves in these low-mass disks. While not ruling out star formation thresholds, our results imply that radial stellar migration induced by non-axysymmetric features can be responsible not only for those breaks at ∼ 2R bar , but also for many of those found at larger radii.

Context. Resonance rings and pseudorings (here collectively called rings) are thought to be related to the gathering of material near dynamical resonances caused by non-axisymmetries in galaxy discs. This means that they are the result of secular evolution processes that redistribute material and angular momentum in discs. Studying them may give clues on the formation and growth of bars and other disc non-axisymmetries. Aims. Our aims are to produce a catalogue and an atlas of the rings detected in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G) and to conduct a statistical study of the data in the catalogue. Methods. We traced the contours of rings previously identified and fitted them with ellipses. We found the orientation of bars by studying the galaxy ellipse fits from the S 4 G pipeline 4. We used the galaxy orientation data obtained by the S 4 G pipeline 4 to obtain intrinsic ellipticities and orientations of rings and the bars. Results. ARRAKIS contains data on 724 ringed galaxies in the S 4 G. The frequency of resonance rings in the S 4 G is of 16 ± 1% and 35 ± 1% for outer and inner features, respectively. Outer rings are mostly found in Hubble stages −1 ≤ T ≤ 4. Inner rings are found in a broad distribution that covers the range −1 ≤ T ≤ 7. We confirm that outer rings have two preferred orientations, namely parallel and perpendicular to the bar. We confirm a tendency for inner rings to be oriented parallel to the bar, but we report the existence of a significant fraction (maybe as large as 50%) of inner features that have random orientations with respect to the bar. These misaligned inner rings are mostly found in late-type galaxies (T ≥ 4). We find that the fraction of barred galaxies hosting outer (inner) rings is ∼1.7 times (∼1.3 times) that in unbarred galaxies. Conclusions. We confirm several results from previous surveys as well as predictions from simulations of resonant rings and/or from manifold flux tube theory. We report that a significant fraction of inner rings in late-type galaxies have a random orientation with respect to the bar. This may be caused by spiral modes that are decoupled from the bar and dominate the Fourier amplitude spectrum at the radius of the inner ring. The fact that rings are only mildly favoured by bars suggests that those in unbarred galaxies either formed because of weak departures from the axisymmetry of the galactic potential or that they are born because of bars that were destroyed after the ring formation.Key words. atlases -catalogs -galaxies: statistics -galaxies: structure Tables A.1 and A .2 (catalogue) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via

Background and Purpose- Although there are a variety of risk factors and predictive models for stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), more objective and easily accessible markers are still needed. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and SAP in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods- We assessed 1317 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke. SAP was defined according to the modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. The severity of pneumonia was rated using scores from the Pneumonia Severity Index, the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II. The NLR was calculated after dividing absolute neutrophil counts by absolute lymphocyte counts. Results- Among the total patients, SAP occurred in 112 (9.0%) patients. Using a multivariable analysis, the NLR (adjusted odds ratio=1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.11; P=0.005) remained significant after adjusting for confounders. In addition, age, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke history, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were also significant, independent of NLR. The NLR was higher in the severe pneumonia group when it was assessed by Pneumonia Severity Index ( P<0.001), quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment ( P<0.001), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores ( P=0.004). Furthermore, patients who had SAP had worse clinical outcomes both during hospitalization and after discharge. Conclusions- We demonstrated that a higher NLR predicted SAP in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The NLR may help to identify high-risk patients in time and provide clues for further studies about preventive antibiotic therapy.

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