Heat generation is a complex process of transformation of a specific type of energy into heat. During friction stir welding, one part of mechanical energy delivered to the welding tool is consumed in the welding process, another is used for deformational processes etc., and the rest of the energy is transformed into heat. The analytical procedure for the estimation of heat generated during friction stir welding is very complex because it includes a significant number of variables and parameters, and many of them cannot be fully mathematically explained. Because of that, the analytical model for the estimation of heat generated during friction stir welding defines variables and parameters that dominantly affect heat generation. These parameters are numerous and some of them, e. g. loads, friction coefficient, torque, temperature, are estimated experimentally. Due to the complex geometry of the friction stir welding process and requirements of the measuring equipment, adequate measuring configurations and specific constructional solutions that provide adequate measuring positions are necessary. This paper gives an overview of the process of heat generation during friction stir welding, the most influencing parameters on heat generation, constructional solutions for the measuring equipment needed for these experimental researches and examples of measured values
A model of an air cooler (`cold finger') in a laboratory chamber furnace, for simultaneous regulation of different crystallization rates in a series of Tamman test tubes with the purpose of obtaining crystals, is given.
A model of air coolers with a family of movable Tamman's test tubes, installed in a laboratory chamber furnace, crucible furnace and tube furnace, which allows regulation and simultaneous crystallization of several substances at different temperature gradients and crystallization rate intervals, for obtaining crystals are presented.
A design for an air cooler ('air saw') with a series of movable teeth ('modular crystallization comb') installed in a laboratory chamber furnace is presented. The setup allows easy regulation of a series of different temperature gradients, shapes of crystallization fronts and rates, in crucible columns, with the purpose of obtaining crystals. This method can also be applied in crucible or tube furnaces.
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