A pronounced late Miocene cooling (LMC) from ~7 to 5.7 Ma has been documented in extratropical and tropical sea surface temperature records, but to date, available proxy evidence has not revealed a significant pCO2 decline over this event. Here, we provide a new, high‐resolution pCO2 proxy record over the LMC based on alkenone carbon isotopic fractionation (εp) measured in sediments from the South Atlantic at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1088. We apply a recent proxy calibration derived from a compilation of laboratory cultures, which more accurately reflects the proxy sensitivity to pCO2 changes during late Quaternary glacial‐interglacial cycles, together with new micropaleontological proxies to reconstruct past variations in algal growth rate, an important secondary influence on the εp. Our resulting pCO2 record suggests an approximately twofold to threefold decline over the LMC and confirms a strong coupling between climate and pCO2 through the late Miocene. Within this long‐term trend are pCO2 variations on sub‐myr timescales that may reflect 400‐kyr long‐eccentricity cycles, in which pCO2 minima coincide with several orbital‐scale maxima in published high‐resolution benthic δ18O records. These may correspond to ephemeral glaciations, potentially in the Northern Hemisphere. Our temperature and planktonic δ18O records from Site 1088 are consistent with substantial equatorward movement of Southern Ocean frontal systems during the LMC. This suggests that potential feedbacks between cooling, ocean circulation and deep ocean CO2 storage may warrant further investigation during the LMC.

<p>Alkenone sea surface temperature records recently observed suggest a substantial long-term and large-magnitude ocean surface cooling during the Late Miocene. At the same time, starting about seven million years ago, both hemispheres on Earth witnessed synchronous cooling and large areas of the continents experienced drying and enhanced seasonality. Coinciding with this climatic shift were significant changes in ecology, including the rise of C<sub>4</sub>-photosynthesizing terrestrial plants and the emergence of so-called "vital effects" in oceanic coccolithophores. These changes are collectively hypothesized to be induced by declining atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. However, the sparse proxy data available for this time interval limits our understanding of the link between these changes and atmospheric greenhouse gas fluctuations and has let people to propose a "climate-CO<sub>2</sub> decoupling".<br />In this study, the alkenone based pCO<sub>2</sub> proxy is used to reconstruct atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> for the time interval between 4.5 and 8.5 Ma. Estimations are based on the carbon isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis (εp) and a new statistical multilinear regression model based on an analysis of culture and sediment data. Past coccolithophore growth rates are reconstructed using foraminiferal isotopic-based proxies, related to water column structure which favour or limit nutrient supply to the photic zone. A thorough sensitivity analysis of modern and past  εp values and its influencing factors in the Southern Ocean yield to a new, high resolution pCO<sub>2</sub> record. Estimated pCO<sub>2</sub> concentrations synchronously decline with the observed long-term cooling (5°C) from 6.8 to 5.9 Ma, periodically decreasing to sufficiently low values of <200 ppm, potentially inducing ephemeral Northern Hemisphere glaciation. CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations during the Late Miocene Cooling Event are thus successfully reproduced in this study and allow a reasonable interpretation of past conditions as has not yet been previously achieved in the relevant literature. </p>

A multielement analytical technique of thermal neutron activation of frozen water samples has been developed and applied to the studies of natural waters. A rapid group chemical separation utilizing ion exchange resins and a precipitation step to reduce 24Na and 42K interferences, followed by ?-ray analysis of the fractions with Ge (Li) and multiparameter NaI (T1) systems, permits the simultaneous measurement of a large number of trace constituents. Samples of river water, rain water, processed sewage water and Greenland ice were analyzed for 19 trace elements -Ag, As, Br, C1, Co, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, U, and Zn. These data have been used in studies of trace element concentration factors in aquatic biota, precipitation scavenging processes, and environmental pollution.

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