A continuum theory of finite, plane deformations of composites consisting of materials reinforced by strong fibers is discussed. The composite is assumed to be incompressible, and the fibers are treated as inextensible and continuously distributed. The analysis is not restricted to any particular material behavior such as elasticity, plasticity, or visco-elasticity. Plane deformations are kinematically determinate, in that the deformation can be found by using the constraint conditions and suitable displacement boundary conditions. The reactions to the constraints produce stress equilibrium in any kinematically admissible deformation. The theory admits stress singularities of an unusual kind: a single fiber or normal line can carry a finite load. Simple examples illustrating this and other points of the theory are given.
Residual stresses in tempered glass are generated by interactions between thermal contraction, elasticity at low temperatures, viscoelastic flow at higher temperatures, and temperature gradients caused by cooling. To date, analyses have assumed highly idealized material behavior, such as elasticity below, and inviscid fluid flow above, a critical temperature. The theory presented in this paper is based on measured relaxation characteristics of glass and temperature influence through thermorheologically simple response, which prescribes an acceleration of all relaxation phenomena with rising temperature by a factor determined by experiment. The analysis of the varying stress history for a glass plate cooled symmetrically on both sides is developed and solved for several furnace and coolant temperature combinations by numerical solution of the integral equations which arise. The determination of the residual stress distribution follows naturally in terms of a reduced time used in the analysis. Maximum compressive residual stresses under the surface increase extremely rapidly with increasing furnace temperature above 60O°C. The method is compared with previous work on the same problem.
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