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RESUME : On doit s'étonner de ce que Meillet puisse présenter l'idée d'une linguistique générale comme une nouveauté dans son cours de 1906. Le thème, en effet, était bien établi depuis le début du dernier tiers du XIXe siècle. En analysant les conceptions fragmentaires qu'il a développées à ce sujet, on s'aperçoit qu'il envisageait une discipline ayant pour objet la connaissance de lois universelles. Cette conception était bien une nouveauté, largement incompatible, tant avec le comparatisme de type néogrammairien qu'avec les idées développées par Saussure.

Grammarians describe a grammatical language which doesn't really enable one to predict what actual language use is like. The latter is a far more complex hyperlanguage which takes into account human discourse both as an empirical reality and as a practice inscribed in an environmental, communicational and social background. To learn a language is to learn how to navigate within a hyperlanguage. And the outside world itself partakes of meaning inasmuch as its perception, within the hyperlanguage, gives the reference whose externality has to be reckoned with. As for grammar books and dictionaries, they also partake of the hyperlanguage as an integral part of the environment of language users.

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: Given a definition of "rule" which derives from the canonical example of morality and law, and by using arguments other than those of Itkonen 1978 renouncing the thesis that rules have truth values, on can avoid that normativity and show cannot be eliminated from grammar. Language sciences must be considered normative sciences provided that a normative science is defined as a discipline that postulates in the possible a frontier between the positive and the negative, or in Milner's terms a science that postulates that the frontier between the possible and the impossible is situated in the real.

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