Breast cancer in women in both developed and developing countries is the most common cancer, and remains a major public health problem. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional studies and only highquality studies were included. The searched databases were: Pub Med (2008-2020), Google scholar (2008-2020) and science direct (20082020). The key terms searched were ultrasound imaging, Breast solid mass or lesions, papillary lesions, Fibro-adenoma, breast cancer. Using these key terms, researchers found total 101 studies from the above-mentioned databases. Among these researchers found 56 studies from Google scholars, 11 from science direct and 34 from Pub Med. After this, researchers separated the relevant and irrelevant data. Results: Table 1 shows the Descriptive results of age from 12 studies, 17641 individuals. The mean age was 46.14697 SD 10.56736. The mean Sensitivity was 91.0200 and mean specificity was 89.35. The pooled results of 8 studies and 2612 individuals, out of 2612 individuals we found 1220 (46.71) benign lesions and 1392 (53.29%) malignant lesions are also shown. Conclusions: In conclusion, Ultrasound can differentiate benign and malignant breast lesions to great extent. This technique has the potential ability to altering the handling of cases in where a biopsy may be recommended, but the risk of carcinoma is known to be relatively low. Ultrasound accuracy is recommended as the first option for follow-up examinations of lesions because of its high sensitivity and ability to detect lesions outside of breast density.
Infertility is very common social, economic and medical problem. There are various cause of infertility, adnexal masses and endometrial thickness play a vital role among them if we find out relation between adnexal mass, endometrial thickness and infertility so we will be able to overcome this problem to great cause. Objectives: To determine the Sonographic co-relation between Adnexal Masses and Endometrial Thickness in Infertile Females Methods: This Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Gilani Ultrasound Center, Lahore, Jamiat Hospital and Green town clinic The University of Lahore. Study duration was 9 months. Sample size was 150 patients. Sampling technique used was convenient sampling. All Infertile Females with adnexal mass, age of 18-45 were included in study. Male with infertility were excluded. Ultrasound machine Toshiba xerio with convex transducer frequency range 2.5 to 5 MHz was used. Results: Out of 150 patients the mean age was 32 6.33, ± minimum age was 18 and maximum age was 45. The mean endometrial thickness was 0.78mm with standard deviation 0.29, minimum endometrial thickness was .10 cm, maximum endometrial thickness was 1.69 cm. Out of 150 patient's primary infertility was 30% with frequency of 45, and secondary infertility was 70% with frequency of 105. The chi-square test was used between adnexal mass and endometrial thickness shows that there is significant association because them. Conclusions: Study concluded that there was significant corelation between adnexal masses and endometrial thickness in Infertile Females. Ovaries should not neglected in infertility treatment because they play important role with respect to endometrium. The removal of adnexal masses can improve infertility rate.
Background: Women that are over 50 years are usually diagnosed by thyroid disorders. The prevalence of Thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, found more under postmenopausal women than premenopausal. In the postmenopausal phase the prevalence of biochemical (or subclinical) hypothyroidism rising from 10% to 20%, or increases steadily with age in women. The study results show an enlargement in the activities of Thyroid stimulating hormone among menopausal women. Aim: To compare the sonographic findings of thyroid gland in before and after-menopausal women. Method: An Analysis of scientific literature concerning the correlation of Sonographic abnormalities of thyroid gland in pre and post-menopausal women was done. Different platforms including medical journals, books and online resources (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar & Medline) were explored to find the relevant data using the mesh Terms: Thyroid gland, premenopausal and postmenopausal women, etc. The main focus was given to the latest data published in the last 10 years. Key words: Thyroid gland, premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Background: Polyps of female reproductive tract are found in about 7.8-50% of women. Endometrial polyps are commonly located at the fundal or the tubocornual region. They mechanically affect female’s fertility and disturbs the normal cellular function due to chronic inflammation. To rule out sub clinical endometrial hyperplasia or cancer, endometrial curettage is often recommended. Cervical polyps may grow during pregnancy or mucorrhoea. Aim: To highlight updates to the epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnostic techniques for gynaecological polyps. Study design: Systemic review Methods: During December 2020 we searched Google scholar, Pub med, Medscape, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database and Magiran research articles from 2010 -2020. The selected articles identified through electronic search were 60 articles and 50 were selected for the review. Results: Endometrial polyps are the most frequently diagnosed gynaecological polyp, their prevalence ranging from 7.8% to 50%. They are implicated in about 50% of cases of abnormal uterine bleeding and 35% of patients presenting with infertility. The developments of high-resolution 2D and 4D ultrasound, contrast enhanced sonography and hysteroscopy helps in diagnosing polyps efficiently. In certain cases, when hysteroscopy cannot be performed sonohysterography and ultrasonography can be used for screening. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of gynaecological polyps and histopathology is essential for the ultimate diagnosis and exclusion of malignancy. Conclusions: The review of literature suggest that the gynaecological polyps are one of the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding and have strong association with infertility as they interfere with implantation of an embryo. Polyps can be confidently diagnosed on ultrasound. Other imaging techniques may provide additional information about the details of the anatomy of female reproductive tract and the polyp itself. Keywords: Endometrial polyp, Cervical polyp, Vaginal/vulvar polyp, Infertility, Ultrasonography, Sonohysterography,.
Background: Infertility is defined as not conceiving after one year of unprotected sex. Apart from age, physical and hormonal misbalance, and lifestyle or environmental factors for infertility; Endometrial thickness has an important role in conception. Females with the 8-12mm endometrial thickness in the late proliferative phase had great chances to get conceive. Aim: To determine the sonographic diagnostic features of the endometriumthickness with Transvaginal high-resolution ultrasound are predictive of infertility. Methods: An electronic database search was performed (Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed) with the data range from 1988 to 2020.All studies, fully-available in English, assessing the endometrial thickness in the gray-scale image on TAS/TVs. Results: Thirty-three articles were found, we evaluated the performance of ultrasound diagnostic techniques, for the measurement of endometrial thickness, our results showed that ultrasound had a high level of diagnostic capability for measuring endometrial thickness. If endometrial thickness is more than 14mm or less than 7mm then chances of pregnancy were zero, so high chances of pregnancy when the endometrial thickness is 8mm to 11mm. Conclusion: We concluded that when the endometrial thickness was increased from 8 mm to 11 mm the chances of pregnancy were maximum, and when the thickness of endometrium was more than 14 mm or, less than 7 mm the pregnancy ratio was almost zero. Transvaginal ultrasound is an excellent imaging modality and its sensitivity is high for the measurement of endometrial thickness Keyword: Transvaginal sonography, endometrial thickness, Infertility
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