The poverty impact of OOP outlays for health care, in general, is quite high. However, it is especially high for NCDs, particularly for chronic NCDs and those requiring immediate surgical procedures. Hence, these illnesses should be given more priority for policy framing. In addition to suggesting some ex-ante measures (e.g. raising awareness regarding the risk factors causing NCDs), the paper argues for reforms to enhance efficiency in the public health care facilities and increasing the quality of public health care.
In this paper we develop a theory of crop insurance. We start by reaffirming the risk‐spreading role of competitive crop insurance markets. It is argued, however, that once the problems of imperfect information are recognized, a competitive crop insurance market may not exist at all. Two candidates present themselves. First is market insurance with the public sector as a source of (costly) information gathering and dissemination, and second, is the direct provision of crop insurance by the public sector. We focus on the latter and develop a model of public insurance as a decentralized plan where the farmer determines factor utilization taking the insurance contract as given. In turn, the insurance agency, taking factor utilization as determined by the farmer, chooses the optimal contract so as to maximize the value of aggregate output in the economy.
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