Background and Objective:Escherichia Coli is the most common etiological agent of UTI and accounts for more then 100, 0000 hospitalization annually. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Prunella vulgaris against E. coli from urinary tract infection patients.Methods:Urine samples of forty four suspected patients from Tertiary Care Hospital Faisalabad were used in this study. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgris (PV), a medicinal plant was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the growth of 38 resistant isolates of Escherichia coli strains and compared to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Cefixime and Tobramycin by well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was measured by using broth micro dilution method.Results:PV showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli strains, however Tobramycin at 10 microgram (10μg) inhibited the resistant E. coli to a greater extent as compared to other antibiotics and was resistant to twice less number of strains, about 82% of E. coli isolates have MDR pattern.Conclusion:Ciprofloxacin has more efficacy than PV and no synergistic effect with extracts of PV. Cefixime is least efficacious against resistant E. coli, however it has synergistic effect with extracts of PV.

This research endeavors to inspect the chemical and biological profiling of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts prepared from Abutilon figarianum Webb. Total bioactive constituents and secondary metabolites were assessed via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS). Biological effects were evaluated via antioxidant and enzymes inhibitory assays. The methanol extract was able to give the highest phenolic (51.92 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (72.59 mg QE/g extract) contents and was found to contain 11 bioactive metabolites, including flavonoid, alkaloid, phenolic and fatty acid derivatives, as accessed by UHPLC-MS analysis. Similarly, the phytochemical profiling of the DCM extract tentatively identified the 12 different secondary metabolites, most of these were fatty acid derivatives. The methanol extract was most active in the radical scavenging, reducing power and total antioxidant power assays, while dichloromethane extract showed the highest metal chelating activity. For enzyme inhibition, the DCM extract showed the highest activity against cholinesterases, glucosidase and amylase, whereas methanol extract was most active against tyrosinase. Docking studies have supported the observed biological activity, where isobergapten showed higher activity against tyrosinase (−7.63 kcal/mol) with inhibition constant (2.55 µM), as opposed to other enzymes. The observed antioxidant and inhibitory potentials of A. figarianum against the studied enzymes tend to endorse this plant as a prospective source of bioactive phytochemicals.

Objective: Objective of this study was to determine internet addiction and its impact on mental health and academic performance in medical students. Methodology: One hundred medical students (male: 50, female: 50) aged 18–21 years were selected by convenience sampling in this cross-sectional study in Mahi-ud-din Islamic Medical college Mirpur AJK. A questionnaire of Young’s internet addiction test was used to identify the prevalence of Internet addiction, the purposes of Internet use, and their priority levels. Frequencies and level of mental health was measured using Mental health Battery by Singh and Gupta. Chi square test was applied and p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 100 students, 46 (male: 28, female: 18) were found to be slightly addicted, 53 students were average online users and only 01 male was severely addicted. There was no significant difference between male and female students in addiction level. However, males were more addicted than females. The major use of Internet was to communicate with friends and family and to watch songs and movies. 51 students used the Internet to assess information for their educational and learning activities. Some students with overuse of the Internet lead to insufficient sleep and affected their concentration levels in the class. Conclusion: Medical students experiencing problems due to Internet overuse and experiencing poor academic progress and lack of concentration while studying. The main use of the Internet was to communicate with friends and family and for entertainment.

Background: A significant proportion of people infected with COVID-19 report new onset of smell and taste loss. The duration of the chemosensory impairment and prognostic factors of recovery is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the prevalence rate and other signs and symptoms which are predictors in patients. Objective: To find out the association of Anosmia and Ageusia with COVID-19. To find out relationship of Gender with Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 or other URTI. Methods: I was a cross-sectional study, participants were from CMH, Multan, Hospitals of different cities of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted from 1st July to 31st of August 2021. 185. All faculty members and medical Students of CMH Bahawalpur. Results: Out of 185 participants, 99 (53.5%) were male and 86 (46.5%) were female. The mean age was 23.93 ± 6.661years. Pearson correlation of covid-19 with loss of smell is 0.533 which shows that there is strong positive relationship between them. On one-way ANOVA fever sig. is 0.002 which shows high significance. URTI also shows association but other signs and symptoms like dyspnoea, dry cough do not show any significance. Shows the majority of participants are suffering from taste and smell loss (95.1%) along with body aches (82.7%), dyspnoea (94.6%), acute dry cough (36.2%), URTI (19.5%) and fever (36.2%).

Introduction: Hepatic diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite overall advancements in health care, mortality due to hepatic diseases is constantly growing. More than 2 million people globally are estimated to die each year from liver diseases, and current treatment offers little for its management. Thus, it is essential to find more effective and less toxic pharmaceutical alternatives for the treatment of liver diseases. Aims & Objectives: Tamarix dioica, a shrub broadly used in herbal medicine for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The current study was designed to analyze the hepatoprotective effect of T. dioica in BALB?cmice against CCl4-induced acute liver damage. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in NIH, Islamabad, Pakistan, for six months in 2016-2017. Material & Methods: For in vivo evaluation, the animals (n= 42) were randomly divided into seven groups (n=6), three control (i.e. Group, I or normal control, group II or induction control received 0.9% normal saline orally, and Group III or positive control received silymarin 100 mg/kg per oral), and four treatment groups (i.e. IV, V,VI and VII were treated with oral T.dioica 200 mg/kg/day, 300mg/kg/day methanol extract, 200mg/kg/day and 300mg/kg/day of aqueous extracts respectively for six days, followed by intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 on the seventh day. The blood samples were collected for analysis of LFTs, and hepatic tissue was taken for histological analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16, one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results: CCl4 induction in Group 2 resulted in severe hepatic derangement manifested as highly elevated mean LFTs (ALT 7245.56, AST 3292.11, ALP 340.09 U/L, bilirubin 4.64 mg/dl) as compared to healthy controls (ALT 38.97, AST 50.20, ALP 57.17 U/L, bilirubin 1.25 mg/dl: (Group 1) levels p<0.001. Pretreatment with different extracts of T.dioica for 6 days before CCl4 administration produced varying degrees of hepatoprotection. 300mg/kg aqueous extract T.dioica (Group7) prevented damage with maximal hepatoprotection, reduced LFTs (ALT: 339.95 , AST: 242.90 , ALP: 116.86 U/L, bilirubin: 1.38 mg/dl) and normalized liver histology as compared to Group 2 and standard drug silymarin 100mg/kg, (ALT: 6483.23, AST: 2567.69, ALP: 272.19 U/L, bilirubin: 2.84 mg/dl: Group 3) p<0.001. Lesser hepatoprotection was provided by T.dioica aqueous extract 200mg/kg (ALT: 439.93, AST: 367.87, ALP: 180.62 U/L bilirubin: 1.53 mg/dl: Group VI) and least by 300mg/kg & 200mg/kg methanolic extracts Groups V & IV (ALT: 6338.06, 6443.91, AST: 2800.81, 3012.34, ALP: 242, 248 U/L & bilirubin: 2.82 & 3.62 mg/dl) respectively. Further, no drug-induced toxicity symptoms were observed 24 hours after administration of the high dose oral T. dioica 2000 mg/kg/body weight aqueous and methanolic extracts were administered. Conclusion: Pretreatment with T. dioica extracts especially 300mg/kg aqueous extract reduced acute CCl4-mediated liver damage, ameliorated histopathological as well as biochemical parameters and was free of toxicity in 2000mg/kg /body weight dose in the mice experimental model. T. dioica has potential in hepatoprotective drug research.