Using a relational-efficacy framework, we examined the advisory working alliance and its associations with research self-efficacy among clinical and counseling psychology doctoral-level students. Moreover, we examined whether the association between the advisory working alliance was indirectly associated with research self-efficacy by way of relation-inferred self-efficacy (RISE; i.e., how advisees perceive their advisors view their research abilities). Next, we examined whether other-efficacy (i.e., how advisees view their advisors' research abilities) moderated the relationship between RISE and research selfefficacy. Last, to add confidence in our findings, we tested a theoretically plausible alternative model against our specified model to determine which might better fit the data. Doctoral-level students (N ϭ 144) from American Psychological Association-accredited clinical and counseling psychology programs completed questionnaires measuring the advisory working alliance, RISE, other efficacy, and research self-efficacy. Results from mediation analysis found that the link between the advisory working alliance and research self-efficacy operated indirectly through RISE. Furthermore, other-efficacy moderated the relationship between RISE and research self-efficacy such that this relationship was stronger at higher levels of other efficacy. Finally, results indicated that the original specified model fit the data better than the alternative model. Taken together, findings suggest that advisory working alliance may transmit relationship-specific information to students that in turn fosters students' perceived research self-efficacy. However, the extent to which this relationship-specific information fosters research self-efficacy may depend in part on the extent to which students view their advisors as adept and competent researchers. Public Significance StatementThe present study advances the counseling psychology and doctoral training literature by elucidating the relational processes through which the advisory working alliance may relate to research training outcomes. Findings from this article will help to inform the development of effective training models, as well as to improve research outcomes among clinical and counseling psychology doctoral students.
Contextual factors have received increased attention in understanding the challenges and difficulties in translating career education and career guidance services from Western societies to non-Western societies, many of which are undertaking a shift from a socialist and collectivistic system to a more individualistic one. In this article, using China as an example, we discussed the contextual factors in different ecological systems, such as economical, educational, and sociocultural, and how they may facilitate or impede youth career education in a transitioning society. We reviewed a career education program in a Chinese senior middle school to illustrate such impacts. Additionally, we proposed strategies for further development of youth career education in China as well as in other countries with similar transitions. We introduced a framework of a diversified concept of career and several context-resonant career development theories to be considered in guiding youth career education programs in these transitioning societies.
This study explored offenders’ perception of their barriers to employment and investigated the role of criminal attitudes in parolees recently released from prison. An analysis of open-ended responses from offenders indicated that they perceived having a criminal record as the largest barrier to employment. Structural equation modeling, utilizing a cross-sectional design, indicated moderate support for a model of criminal thinking as a predictor of perceived barriers and of self-efficacy. Survey results also found that criminal attitudes have a positive direct relationship with perception of barriers in work and education, with perception of barriers increasing as criminal thinking increases. Furthermore, criminal thinking has a negative direct relationship with job search self-efficacy, with job search self-efficacy decreasing as criminal thinking increases. Criminal thinking also had an indirect relationship with career aspirations through job search self-efficacy. Findings have implications for vocational programming for parolees.
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