Staphylococcus may be evaluated to be a serious microorganism to colonizes and contaminate both the healthy and immuno-competent people in the community along with the hospitalized patients with decreased immunity. This bacterium has been commonly present on the skin and in the nasal cavity of the human body. In the particular sites the organisms may give rise to local diseases of the nose, urethra, vagina and gastrointestinal tract, skin however most of them are minor and not associated with any mortality. S. aureus as well as coagulase-negative staphylococcus which are gram-positive bacteria that lives on the upper respiratory, mouth and skin structure creation, are the possible element for nosocomial and opportunistic disease in humans as well as in animals. Major complications involved with staphylococcus involved SSI, bullous impetigo, skin & soft tissues infection, bacteremia, pulmonary infections etc. The situation is further complicated by methicillin resistance in staphylococcus. MRSA/MRCoNS are considered as the emerging cause of hospital-acquired infections. it is very necessary to quantify the load of infections in order to achieve good hospital infection control policies. Furthermore, the morbidity and mortality rate may also be reduced in the same manner.
Urinary tract infections are gaining much importance among community acquired infections. Poor personal hygiene may act as a contributory factor in such frequent infections in developing countries. The condition becomes serious with antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens. Specifically, surge of Extended Spectrum beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers poses much concern in the available treatment options. Present work was aimed to observe the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens with special reference to ESBL producing strains. This study was carried out in the microbiology department, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana. Total 600 samples were processed as per standard bacteriological procedures i.e, microscopy, culture and biochemical reactions followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. ESBL producer strains were spotted by double disc synergy testing (DDST). Out of 600 specimens, 128( 21.3%) showed culture positivity. Females contributed more compared to males. 21-40 years age group showed highest isolation rate. E.coli was predominant organism. Highest resistance towards amikacin was shown by gram negative organisms. Gram positive organisms demonstrated high resistance towards gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. 34.4% ESBL producing E.coli strains were observed. Alarming rate of antibiotic resistance as well as beta lactamase production by strains and increasing urinary tract infections should be considered as potential threat to the community. Routine investigation should be done to see the burden in order to implicate advance treatment policies in order to treat such infections.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat worldwide. Inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics are the responsible causes for the development of AMR in the pathogenic microorganisms. In the developing countries like India the data encountered a higher burden of resistance in the rural communities. In such scenario the AMR may lead to difficulty in treatment of various ailments among human as well as companion livestock. In India cows and buffalo are considered as companion livestock. However the definition of companion livestock is slightly different in the developed countries. Most of the rural population in India is dependent on the livestock for their livelihood as the dairy farming in the rural community may contribute in the financial status of the rural population. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the foremost causative agent of skin and soft tissues infections among humans as well as in companion livestock. The situation is further complicated by methicillin resistance in S. aureus. The carriage of MRSA by humans and companion livestock may lead to further AMR spread to the community. In the civic health point of view, it is important to initiate appropriate interventions to tackle the problem at the rural population.
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