:
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) collectively known as reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species (RONS) are the products of normal cellular metabolism and interact with several vital biomolecules including nucleic acid,
proteins, and membrane lipids and alter their function in an irreversible manner which can lead finally to cell death. There is an
imperative role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairments and the development and progression of neural
injury. Elevated production of higher amounts of nitric oxide (NO) takes place in numerous pathological conditions such as
neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and ischemia which occur concurrently with elevated nitrosative/oxidative stress. The
enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for the generation of NO in different cells by conversion of L-arginine (Arg) to
L-citrulline. Therefore, the NO signaling pathway represents a viable therapeutic target. Naturally occurring polyphenols targeting
the NO signaling pathway can be of major importance in the field of neurodegeneration and related complications. Here we
comprehensively review the importance of NO and its production in the human body and afterwards highlight the importance of
various natural products along with their mechanisms against various neurodegenerative diseases involving their effect on NO
production.
Context:Urolithiasis is a polygenic disorder with complex etiology and even complicated treatment outcomes. Daucus carota is a widely cultivated crop with traditional claims for its antiurolithiatic potential. Aim: Present study was an attempt to investigate the antilithic potential of D. carota root extract (DCRE) against calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis by employing in vitro methods. Methods: Nucleation, growth and aggregation assay of CaOx crystallization were used. FT-IR analysis was used for characterizing CaOx crystals. Results: DCRE exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It produced a favorable morphological transformation of CaOx crystals from calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate. FT-IR analysis confirmed formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to be utilized for growth and aggregation assays. Conclusion: DCRE possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro which could be attributed to its saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenolic content.
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