This study has been done to asses the utility and accuracy of urinary cytology and morphometric study of exfoliated cells in early detection and follow-up of urothelial neoplasms and thereby help to reduce the disease-related mortality and morbidity. A total 100 patients with urinary symptoms were studied by cytological examination of urine along with morphometric analysis of suspicious epithelial cells. Immunostaining to detect CK-20 expression and p53 over expression was done in smears showing atypical cells. Histopathological confirmation was done in cases which were suspicious on cystoscopy. P value was determined by using unpaired t-test. Statistically significant difference was found between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder as far as morphometry is concerned. Urinary cytology along with morphometry is an important tool in early detection of urothelial neoplasms. It is also helpful to find out the recurrences during post-operative follow-up period. Overexpression of CK-20 and p53 immunostain in cytology can act as an adjunct to the cytological diagnosis.

Prostatic lesions on routine staining sometimes cause diagnostic dilemma especially in premalignant lesions like atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Benign small acinar lesions also may be difficult to differentiate from small acinar adenocarcinoma. An important differentiating point is the loss of basal cell layer in adenocarcinoma and its presence in benign lesions. Basal cell markers (e.g. 34βE12 cytokeratin) & proliferative markers (e.g. AgNOR and PCNA) can help in this regard. Total 60 cases of different prostatic lesions studied. After history taking, clinical examination, radiological & other investigations were done. Routine H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining against 34βE12 cytokeratin & proliferative markers (AgNOR & PCNA) was performed. Statistically significant differences found in expression of 34βE12 cytokeratin and proliferative markers between benign, premalignant and malignant prostatic lesions. Basal cell markers and proliferative markers are important parameters to distinguish between different benign, premalignant and malignant prostatic lesions.

With the implementation of the WHO classification based on patch counting, there is the possibility of the over-treatment of paucibacillary cases and under-treatment of multibacillary cases. Cytology in terms of cellular type morphology and bacteriological study can complement the WHO classification.

Study of proliferative markers help in the proper diagnosis of different breast lesions which lies in the grey zone on routine histopathology.

Objective: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the possible role of cytology in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and its use for early treatment of the disease. Study Design: We present a prospective study conducted with 15 clinically diagnosed ENL cases. Among them, 13 cases had previously been diagnosed with lepromatous leprosy (LL) and 2 patients were new LL cases with signs and symptoms of ENL lesions. Haematoxylin and eosin stain with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain was performed on fine needle aspiration material. One case was sent for biopsy. Results: Complete cytological diagnosis of ENL was done in all 15 cases. Histopathological study revealed classical ENL lesions which also showed ENL features in cytodiagnosis. Conclusion: In the past, the accurate mode of diagnosis of ENL lesions was histopathology. However, clinicians have to wait a long time for the report and generally they start treatment only on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. Cytodiagnosis of ENL lesions is an early, effective method for accurate diagnosis and helps to initiate treatment for these painful lesions.