yocardial infarction is a disease that remains highly lethal despite recent advanced medical treatment. It is caused by the sudden interruption of coronary flow by occlusion of the coronary artery, which sequentially causes irreversible cardiomyopathy, tissue loss, and scar formation. Various pharmacological or surgical therapies have been reported for ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, 1 and recent investigations have revealed the involvement of nitric oxide in myocardial injury during coronary reperfusion. 2 Moreover, I/R induces an inflammatory response and cytokine release from inflammatory cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and leukocytes, 3 but there is still no satisfactory protective therapy for I/R injury by regulating inflammation.High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a nonhistone DNA-binding, multifunctional protein that has both nuclear and extracellular functions. HMGB1 was originally identified as a DNA-binding protein, and was described as a multifunction transcriptional factor (amphoterin) that interacted with DNA. 4 In addition, HMGB1 has a binding site for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which was originally identified as a receptor for the AGEs that accumulate during hyperglycemia. 5,6 Consequently, HMGB1-deficient mice die of hypoglycemia within 24 h of birth, suggesting that HMGB1 is associated with glycemic homeostasis. 7 Nuclear HMGB1 is released into the extracellular space during inflammatory responses that markedly and extensively activate macrophages and monocytes, as well as from necrotic cells, being released in sepsis. [8][9][10] Recent animal model studies have shown that HMGB1 is associated with I/R injury in several organs. 11 In liver I/R injury in the rat, plasma HMGB1 levels were increased at the early time point of 1 h after reperfusion and thereafter further increased in a time-dependent manner for 24 h. Treatment with a neutralizing antibody to HMGB1 significantly decreased liver damage after reperfusion injury. 12,13 In cerebral I/R injury in the rat, extracellular HMGB1 prevented expansion of the lesion during acute neuronal damage processes, and treatment with anti-HMGB1 antibody improved brain infarction post-treatment. 14 In I/R injury of the heart, cardiomyocyte inflammatory receptors are stimulated by pro-inflammatory mediators. 15 Recent studies have suggested that I/R injury may be attenuated through therapeutic targeting of these inflammatory receptors, such as RAGE, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4. [16][17][18] These observations predict that blocking the HMGB1 signal may protect the heart from I/R injury. However, another study of HMGB1 showed that exogenous HMGB1 induced myocardial cell proliferation and differentiation in the infarcted heart tissue. 19 In the present study, neutralizing anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to elucidate the role of HMGB1 in cardiac I/R injury. Background Coronary ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes cardiomyocyte necrosis in a multi-step process that includes an inflammatory ...
Objectives: To examine anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm effects of a diamond-like carbon coating deposited via a novel technique on the inner surface of a thin silicon tube. Methods: Diamond-like carbon coatings were deposited into the lumen of a silicon tube with inner diameters of 2 mm. The surface of the diamond-like carbon was evaluated using physicochemical methods. We used three clinical isolates including green fluorescent protein-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We employed a continuous flow system for evaluation of both bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Bacterial adhesion assays consisted of counting the number of colony-forming units and visualization of adhered bacterial cells by scanning electron microscope to evaluate the diamond-like carbon-coated/uncoated samples. The biofilm structure was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy on days 3, 5, 7 and 14 for green fluorescent protein-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: The smooth and carbon-rich structure of the intraluminal diamond-like carbon film remained unchanged after the experiments. The numbers of colony-forming units suggested lower adherence of green fluorescent protein-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in the diamond-like carbon-coated samples compared with the uncoated samples. The scanning electron microscope images showed adhered green fluorescent protein-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells without formation of microcolonies on the diamond-like carbon-coated samples. Finally, biofilm formation on the diamond-like carbon-coated samples was lower until at least day 14 compared with the uncoated samples. Conclusions: Intraluminal diamond-like carbon coating on a silicone tube has antiadhesion and anti-biofilm effects. This technology can be applied to urinary catheters made from various materials.
Left ventricular psedoaneurysm (LVPA) is one of the most serious complications that can occur after myocardial infarction (MI), which occurs subsequently following left ventricular (LV) rupture. Typically, LVPA involves ST changes such as ST elevation that can be observed on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and generally requires surgical treatment emergently due to the high potential rate of re-rupture compared with cases of LV true aneurysm. Here, we report a case of a woman with giant LVPA without ST changes, who had been well medicated for 12 months as part of a conservative management regimen. Case report An 85-year-old female was transferred to our institution emergently due to chest pain. Upon arrival, she had clear consciousness, and her blood pressure and saturation were 147/ 83 mmHg and 92%, respectively, with a heart rate of 105 bpm with sinus rhythm. Upon physical examination, no impressive findings were noted. We could not find clear ST segment elevation or specific changes on ECG compared with an earlier one sourced from her patient medical records (Fig. 1). Chest X-ray (XP; Fig. 2A) and computed tomography (CT; Fig. 2B), however, showed an abnormal mass in
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