Helicobacter pylori infects the stomachs of nearly a half the human population, yet most infected individuals remain asymptomatic, which suggests that there is a host defense against this bacterium. Because H. pylori is rarely found in deeper portions of the gastric mucosa, where O-glycans are expressed that have terminal alpha1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine, we tested whether these O-glycans might affect H. pylori growth. Here, we report that these O-glycans have antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, inhibiting its biosynthesis of cholesteryl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a major cell wall component. Thus, the unique O-glycans in gastric mucin appeared to function as a natural antibiotic, protecting the host from H. pylori infection.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 is a ligand-gated cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons, including those in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). TRPV1 plays an essential role in development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after tissue injury and its expression in rat lumbar DRG is increased after hindpaw inflammation. However, the identity of factors mediating forepaw inflammatory hyperalgesia has remained elusive. Here, we examined behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli after forepaw inflammation in rats and found that inflammation induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced hot-plate latency (HPL) at 50 degrees C. TRPV1 expression levels in the ipsilateral cervical DRG were also elevated after forepaw inflammation. By contrast, HPL at 56 degrees C was not shortened after forepaw inflammation and expression of TRPV2, a TRPV1 homolog, in the DRG was not increased. Paratracheal injection of short interfering RNA targeting TRPV1 blocked TRPV1 up-regulation in cervical DRG and abolished inflammation-mediated HPL reductions seen at 50 degrees C. However, thermal hyperalgesia previously established by inflammation was not reversed by short interfering RNA injection. These results indicate that: (i) enhanced TRPV1 expression in cervical DRG is closely associated with development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia in the forepaw after tissue injury and (ii) RNA interference targeting TRPV1 prevents inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after forepaw injuries but does not ameliorate it when already established in a rat model of nociceptive pain representing upper limb injury in humans.
AHC N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST) is a sulfotransferase responsible for biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E). CS-E plays important roles in numerous biological events, such as neurite outgrowth. However, the role of GalNAc4S-6ST in tumor progression remains unknown. In the present study, we analyzed expression of GalNAc4S-6ST mRNA in colorectal cancer by combining real-time RT-PCR with in situ hybridization (ISH) using archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. In 57.5% of 40 patients, expression of GalNAc4S-6ST mRNA was increased in cancer tissues compared with paired normal mucosa. ISH using an RNA probe specific for GalNAc4S-6ST revealed that it was expressed in colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of the relationship between expression of GalNAc4S-6ST as determined by real-time RT-PCR assay and various clinicopathological variables revealed that GalNAc4S-6ST was associated with vessel invasion, although a statistically significant difference was not seen (P=0.125 for lymphatic vessel invasion and P=0.242 for venous invasion). Taken together, we show that real-time RT-PCR combined with ISH is useful to investigate quantitatively GalNAc4S-6ST mRNA expression in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and that GalNAc4S-6ST expressed by colorectal cancer cells plays a minor role in tumor progression.
within the hospital. A puncture was made without any difficulty between L3 and L4 by using a disposable 25G needle for spinal anesthesia, and 2 ml of 0.3% dibucaine HCl was injected by using a 5-ml glass syringe that had been sterilized in the hospital. At the completion of the surgical procedure, the patient experienced mild nausea. In the ward 3 h after spinal anesthesia, she developed nausea, headache, a slight fever, and chills. Five hours later, her temperature returned to 37.6°C.A neurological examination was conducted the next day, and no abnormalities of the cranial nerves were recognized; however, headache, nuchal rigidity, and positive Kernig sign were noted. Hematological examination revealed an inflammatory state (white blood cell count, 9990 · mm Ϫ3 ; C-reactive protein, 2.6 mg·dl Ϫ1 ). The results of a lumbar puncture indicated the following: cerebrospinal fluid, slightly turbid; initial pressure, 175 mmH 2 0; cell counts 664/3 mm 3 (poly, 400 and mono, 264); protein, 152 mg·dl Ϫ1 ; sugar, 57 mg·dl Ϫ1 . The patient was treated with piperacillin sodium for 8 days under the diagnosis of meningitis. The cerebrospinal fluid culture yielded no bacterial growth. On the fifth day, she no longer suffered from neurological sequelae and was considered to have recovered completely. Case 2At 12 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy, a 24-year-old woman with cervical incompetence that had been caused by cervical conization was scheduled to undergo cervical cerclage under spinal anesthesia to prevent premature labor. Following handwashing and disinfection, the anesthetic procedure was performed in the same way as in Case 1 using the same drug and equipment set.Throughout the surgical procedure and after the patient was returned to the ward, no changes in vital signs were noted and she reported no subjective symptoms. However, nausea and vomiting developed 90 min and headache 2 h after spinal anesthesia. Twelve hours after
A 67-year-old female with oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) underwent plastic surgery for ptosis. There have been no reports on the anesthetic management of OPDM, while there have been various reported cases concerning sensitivity to intravenous anesthetics and muscle relaxants in oculopharyngeal dystrophy and ocular myopathy as resemblance diseases. Anesthesia was therefore induced and maintained with oxygen, nitrous oxide and sevoflurane, and the trachea was intubated without muscle relaxants. In conclusion, VIMA was a useful anesthetic technique for patients with OPDM.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.