(1) To study the presenting complaints or complaints suggestive of foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tract. (2) To study the clinical findings. (3) To study the correlation between clinical and radiological findings. (4) To study different types of foreign bodies. (5) To study the complications caused by foreign bodies. A total of 115 patients presenting with foreign body aspiration in the tracheobronchial tract were included in the study. Patient characteristics, history, clinical, radiographic and bronchoscopic findings were noted. Foreign bodies in trachea and bronchus were removed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. Jackson rigid bronchoscope with a fibre optic light source and venturi technique anaesthesia was used. In the present study, foreign body aspiration was found to be maximum in the 1-3 year old age group. The average time lapse between aspiration of symptoms and presentation was found to be 1-3 days. Positive history was given in only 68% cases. Cough and breathlessness were the most common presenting symptoms. The commonest clinical signs were decreased chest movement and air entry on the affected side. Collapse of the affected side was the most common radiological finding. The commonest site of impaction was the right main bronchus. Majority of the foreign bodies were vegetative, peanut being the most common. The commonest complication following foreign body aspiration was atelectasis of the affected lung. Successful removal of foreign bodies was possible in all the patients. In paediatric respiratory compromise, the presence of unilateral diminished breath sounds, a pathological chest X-ray and a clinical triad of cough, choking and wheezing, is a powerful indicator of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration. Since no single or combined variables can predict foreign body aspiration with full certainty, bronchoscopic exploration must be performed if tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is suspected.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The present study was carried out with an objective to study the various </span><span lang="EN-IN">indications and prevalence of tracheostomy, appropriate time to perform it, and complications arising during and after the procedure and their modes of managements. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A prospective and interventional study was carried out in ENT department during the period from Aug 2012 to May 2014. Total 124 patients (both pediatric and adult) undergoing tracheostomies for various indications were studied. The details of all participants such as demographic data, indications of tracheostomy, intra and postoperative complications were recorded and management of complications (if any) was done.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The prevalence of tracheostomy was 0.253% for given study period and was performed more commonly in young adults (15-50 years). Males were more commonly subjected to tracheostomy as compared to females. Planned tracheostomies were more frequently performed, as most common indication of tracheostomy was assisted ventilation both in adult and children. The incidence of complications in intra and postoperative period was 29.81% (37 patients), the majority happening during the early postoperative period. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study concluded that the tracheostomy was more commonly perform in young adults with higher prevalence among male subjects. The main indication for tracheostomy in adult and children was assisted ventilation whereas most common complications were subcutaneous emphysema and peristomal infections. Most of the complications were managed conservatively.</span></p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Foreign bodies (FB) in the ears, nose or throat are a common occurrence in otorhinolaryngology (ENT) emergency services. The management calls for prompt &amp; precise intervention which in turn decreases the overall morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to study the age &amp; gender distribution, modes of presentation, management &amp; complications of various foreign bodies in patients attending emergency &amp; ENT OPD.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> It is a prospective, interventional clinical study conducted in a tertiary Care Hospital – Shri Vasantrao Naik government medical college situated in tribal region of Yavatmal, Maharashtra. About 200 patients from the tribal population with foreign body in ear, nose &amp; throat region from November 2012 to October 2014 were included in the study.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 200 patients, the commonest location of FB was in ear with 103 patients (51.5%) followed by nose with 72 patients (36%) and throat 25 patients (12.5%). 203 FB were removed from 200 patients. Throat cases include digestive tract (21 cases) and tracheobronchial (4 cases) FB. Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being cricopharynx. Seeds were the commonest FB in ear &amp; nose. A greater proportion of cases - 109 (54.5%) were below 10 years of age.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A great degree of suspicion, prompt diagnosis and timely intervention can reduce the overall mortality and morbidity associated with ear, nose and throat foreign bodies.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The oral mucosa serves as a protective barrier against trauma, pathogens and carcinogenic agents. It can be affected by a wide variety of lesions and conditions, some of which are harmless while others may have serious complications. The appearance of benign oral soft tissue masses can occasionally resemble malignant tumors. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Present study is an observational and cross sectional study under taken in the Department of ENT in Shri Vasant Rao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal. All cases of benign oral lesions were included in the study and following cases were excluded: malignant oral lesions, immunocompromised state and benign Oral lesions due to systemic diseases.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Present study included 235 lesions of oral cavity which were clinically or histo-pathologically found to be benign in nature.<strong> </strong>Benign oral lesions were more commonly found in males with (70.2%) than females (29.8%), and M:F ratio was 2.3:1. most common benign oral lesions were found to be Oral Sub Mucus Fibrosis (26.8%) followed by Apthous ulcers (20.4%), Leukoplakia (18.3%) and Mucocele (17.1%). Least common benign oral lesions were found to be Minor Salivary Gland Tumor (MSGT) (1.7%) followed by Squamous Papilloma (2.1%), Ranula (2.1%) and Hemangioma (2.1). There was a male predominance in oral sub mucus fibrosis with M:F ratio of 9.5:1 followed by Leukoplakia with M:F ratio of 4.4:1. OSMF was found most commonly in 21-30 years age group with (57.1%). Followed by 11-20 years with (20.6%). No cases were found in ≤10 years, 51-60 and &gt;60 years age group. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Most of the benign oral lesions have a predilection to transform into malignant lesions therefore imperative to diagnose the pre malignant lesions of oral cavity in an early stage where appropriate treatment can be given.</span></p>

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