Abstract. Personalized medicine (PM) is about tailoring a treatment as individualized as the disease. The approach relies on identifying genetic, epigenomic, and clinical information that allows the breakthroughs in our understanding of how a person's unique genomic portfolio makes them vulnerable to certain diseases. PM approach is a complete extension of traditional approach (One-Size-Fits-All) to increasing our ability to predict which medical treatments will be safe and effective for individual patient, and which ones will not be, based on the patient's unique genetic profile. Implementation of PM has the potential to reduce financial and time expenditure, and increase quality of life and life extension of patients. Knowledge of PM facilitates earlier disease detection via enhanced use of existing biomarkers and detection of early genomic and epigenomic events in disease development, particularly carcinogenesis. The PM approach predominantly focuses on preventative medicine and favours taking proactive actions rather than just reactive. This approach delays or prevents the need to apply more severe treatments which are usually less tolerated and with increased quality of life and financial considerations. Increasing healthcare costs have placed additional pressure on government funded healthcare systems globally, especially regarding end of life care. PM may increase the effectiveness of existing treatments and negate the inherent problems associated with non-PM approaches. PM is a young but rapidly expanding field of healthcare where a physician can select a treatment based on a patient's genetic profile that may not only minimize harmful side effects and guarantee a more successful result, but can be less cost effective compared with a 'trial-and-error' approach to disease treatment. The less efficient non-PM ('trial-and-error') approach, which can lead to drug toxicity, severe side effects, reactive treatment and misdiagnosis continue to contribute to increasing healthcare costs. Increased patient stratification will allow for the enhanced application of PM and pro-active treatment regimens, resulting in reduced costs and quality of life enhancement.

Abstract. Natural products have been acknowledged for numerous years as a vital source of active ingredients in therapeutic agents. In particular, the use of active ingredients derived from plants for use in microbial natural products have long been used before the dawn of modern medicine. From ancient times, the efficacy of natural products has been associated with the chemistry, biochemistry and synthetic activities of natural products. Thus, with scientific advancement in modern molecular and cellular biology, analytical chemistry and pharmacology, the unique properties of these natural products are being harnessed in order to exploit the chemical and structural diversity and biodiversity of these types of products in relation to their therapeutic effect. Often, new molecules of interest in drug design units focus on the rearrangement of chemical entities or structural isomers of naturally occurring products in order to generate new molecules; these may be formulated into clinically useful therapies. Contents1. Introduction 2. Sources of drugs 3. Current uses of natural product drugs 4. Natural product drug development 5. Future directions for natural product drug discovery 6. Conclusions IntroductionA natural product is a chemical entity, formed by a naturally occurring living organism with pharmacological properties, which may contribute to vital drug discovery and design. The crude substance extracted from the body of medicinal plants, animals, microbes or microorganism fermentation broths contains unique and structurally diverse chemical components. Natural products have been vital in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as a vast range of modern medicines are based upon either naturally occurring molecules, or derivatives of these. Generally, the therapeutic agents that are inhaled, ingested and injected are a mixture of complex therapeutic compounds. Sources of drugsThe complexity of the therapeutic agents depends on the mixture of chemicals prepared synthetically. Therapeutic agents are considered as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic dependent on the source from which they were generated (1). The natural environment remains a significant origin of novel therapeutic agent compounds. Natural therapeutic agents are prepared from compounds found occurring in nature, which contain active components in extract form created from sources, including plants, microbes, minerals and animals. The most dominant natural medicine source is plants, due to their chemical and structural diversity and the biodiversity of their components. Examples of medicines that are derived from plants are aspirin (from willow tree bark) (2), digoxin (from the flower, Digitalis lanata) (3) and morphine (from opium) (4). Indeed, it is projected that in the industrialized nation, >60% of all medicines are either natural products or secondary metabolites thereof (5). Although there are challenges from different, novel drug discovery methods, natural products continue to produce additional clinical candidates and medicinal comp...

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Our results provide more insights into the specific impairments that influence different dimensions of on-road driving and may be used as a framework for targeted driving intervention programs in MS.

To increase nursing diversity and ensure a culturally competent profession, programs must attend to these factors. [J Nurs. Educ. 2018;57(3):142-149.].