The potassium channel model proposed in this paper is an independent functional unit, four α-helixs rotate synchronously in one direction, it transports K+ passively and unilaterally and has no dependence on ATP, that is different from previous models such as "paddle model" "propeller model " and "revolving door model ". Its mechanism is that K+ and the positively charged amino acids inα-helixs form a repulsive force, which pushes the "blade" back and makes the "windmill" rotate. The aperture size of K+ channel varies with the speed of windmill. This determines the "opening" and "closing" of channel holes. The model of "origami windmill" reveals the mechanism of K+ channel operation by applying the principles of cell biophysics. This has enlightening significance for other basic research related to it. Perhaps, this will help answer the basic biological questions of human health and disease from the source.
At present, there are misunderstandings and even subversive errors in the understanding of cellular bioelectricity phenomena. The theory explaining the mechanism of bioelectricity generation is the ionic theory, and the ionic theory is based on the membrane theory. The membrane theory may be the correct part, and the ionic theory does not give a definite affirmation; the membrane theory may be the wrong part, and ionic theory does not give a clear negative, instead, has been further strengthened in the later period. Whether it is membrane theory or ionic theory, the author has ignored the structure and characteristics of ion channels, and has not found the essence and law of ion exchange inside and outside the cell membrane. Therefore, the GHK equation and the H-H equation based on the ionic theory have congenital deficiencies. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward a new doctrine on this basis and establish a new mathematical model based on the new doctrine to re-explain the mechanism of bioelectricity generation scientifically and rationally.This paper is based on the principle of K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the conservation law of membrane area of cell action potential ion exchange was proposed, and establishes a new mathematical model of cell action potential based on the conservation law of membrane area—ion inequality equation. The expression of conservation law of membrane area: SA (t) + SB (t) = S0, the expression of the ion inequality equation: resting potential N = N0 + Vt; action potential N = N0+ 170t -90t2.The conservation law of membrane area holds that bioelectrical activity is a process in which different cations replace each other on the inner surface of the cell membrane. Cl- is already surrounded by the cell membrane at the beginning of cell membrane formation, which determines the “positive” and “negative” of the cell action potential; The cations such as Na+, K+, etc., the amount of mutual replacement on the inner surface of the cell membrane determines the amplitude of the action potential, and the ratio of mutual replacement complies with the principle that the membrane area is equal and the ions are not equal.The ion inequality equation, cited the kinematics principle, can not only reflect the nature and rule of cation exchange on the inner surface of cell membrane,but also can reasonable avoid cell membrane expansion force and ionic driving force, completed the bioelectricity generation mechanism from the qualitative to the quantitative expression, supports the preexistence of membrane theory, to verify the theory of brain cell activation, the theory of dove-likeparticles and “origami windmill” model, has opened up a scientific and quantitative description cell action potential new ways and means.
China has been instituting national basic education curriculum reforms since 2001. This study provides an updated understanding of present-day, rural primary school music education in Northeastern China’s Tonghua region. A total of 126 rural primary music teachers and 674 students from 28 primary schools in the region were surveyed using a questionnaire. In addition, teachers were interviewed about the factors responsible for the current situation. The findings reveal that primary music education in the rural areas of North-east China is suffering from a number of problems including the inadequate provision of resources by local government, teachers’ lack of professionalism in terms of music education, and an inadequate understanding of the new curriculum reforms and rationales. The measures recommended to improve the current situation in the region may also provide insights that would prove useful for global consideration.
The mechanism of cell action potential was explained by using the principle of potassium channel "origami windmill" model. It is inferred that ion channels should include at least two categories: One kind of channel is "special ion channel", its structure is like an origami windmill model. All cations passing through this channel rotate into the interior from one-way, only in and no out. Compared with K+, they have two states of "open" and "closed", When they are "open", their aperture is not less than K+ diameter. When "closed", their aperture is smaller than K+ diameter, but not smaller than Na+ diameter. The other channel is the "universal ion channel". All Ions passing through this channel unidirectional flow too, only out and no in. Compared with K+, they have two states of "open" and "closed", When they are "open", their aperture is not less than K+ diameter. When "closed", their aperture is smaller than K+ diameter, but not smaller than Na+ diameter. This model reasonably explains the whole process of action potential occurrence, and supports Hodgkin, Huxley 's experimental the results of action potential. This model does not support their explanation of the mechanism of action potential generation in cells and the core ideas of "membrane theory" and "ion theory". It negates the selective filter atomic model and the propeller model established by MacKinnon et al. It is tiped that the main role of "sodium-potassium pump" or "ATPase" is not responsible for the transport of Na+ and K+ from the inside and outside of the cell and maintaining cell membrane potential. The channels through which ions enter and escape cells are independent. This suggests that most channels may be sharing in the same direction by other inorganic ions and organic molecules.
The study of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is as important as the study of nerve fiber cells. The theoretical basis of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is the ionic theory formed by nerve fiber cells. Its core point of view: the decline phase of the action potential of cells is dominated by K+ outflow. Applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the mechanism of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells has been reasonably explained, and a point contrary to the ion theory has been drawn: the phase of the action potential decline is dominated by K+ influx. Similarly, applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model can also give a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of action potential generation of cardiomyocytes.The difference between cardiomyocyte action potential and nerve fiber cell: In addition to K+, Cl-, Na+, the process of generating cardiomyocyte action potential also involves the participation of Ca2+. Ca2+ inflow in the rising phase will shorten the depolarization time; Ca2+ inflow in the falling phase will prolong the repolarization time. K+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 2 K+, squeeze out 3 Ca2+, and 4 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 2: 3: 4; Conversely, squeeze out 2 K+, rotate into 3 Ca2+, 4 extra positive charges the cells, the proportion is 3: 2: 4. Na+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 1 Na+, squeeze out 1 Ca2+, and 1 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 1: 1:1; Conversely, rotate into 1 Ca2+, squeeze out 1 Na+, there is 1 more positive charge in the cell, and the proportion is 1: 1: 1.Application of “origami windmill” model principle, can reasonably explain the cardiomyocytes action potential generation mechanism, further proveding “origami windmill” the model theory, “the theory of dove-like particles”“the theory of braincell activation” of science, also proved that the viewpoint of “action potential descending phase, dominated by K+ internal current” is correct. The scientific and rational interpretation of the action potential of cardiomyocytes has far-reaching impact and great significance to the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of the heart from now on.
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