The major current conventional types of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatments include surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Introducing biological drugs, targeted treatment and gene therapy can potentially reduce the mortality and improve the quality of life in patients with MBC. However, combination of several types of treatment is usually recommended. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10–20% of all cases of breast carcinoma and is characterized by the low expression of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Consequently, convenient treatments used for MBC that target these receptors are not effective for TNBC which therefore requires special treatment approaches. This review discusses the occurrence of MBC, the prognosis and predictive biomarkers of MBC, and focuses on the novel advanced tactics for treatment of MBC and TNBC. Nanotechnology-based combinatorial approach for the suppression of EGFR by siRNA and gifitinib is described.
COVID19 emerged as one of the biggest global public health crises in recent history. Many pharmaceutical companies have raced against time to develop a vaccine, so that the pandemic can be brought under control. The aim of the current study was to assess the acceptance of the COVID19 vaccine among the general population in Iraq. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1069 respondents from different states of Iraq using questionnaires administered online. Though a total of 77.6% of the respondents agreed to take the COVID19 vaccine when available, a majority (64.3%) said they would wait for some time before taking the vaccine. Around two-thirds agreed to pay a price for the vaccine and the majority (48.6%) preferred the Oxford (AstraZeneca) vaccine. There was a significant association between age, working status, educational level, having family members infected with COVID19 and taking flu vaccine before with acceptance of Covid19 vaccine with P value (<0.001, <0.001, <0.001,0.05, <0.001) respectively. Overall, there is high acceptance willingness among the general population to pay for COVID19 vaccine, once it is available. More education and promotion are needed to assure the public that the vaccine is effective and safe. Keywords: Vaccine, Acceptance, COVID-19, Iraq.
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small proportion of cells that may be responsible for improving the resistance of cancer cells to the treatment and metastasis of breast cancer (MBC). Nanovehicles such as liposomes are extensively explored for diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of cancer. Targeted therapy with nanoparticles can be used to overcome the chemoresistance problem of cancer stem cells. Liposomes are lipid bilayer nanocarriers that have the ability to inhibit Pglycoprotein to overcome multidrug resistance that makes liposome ideal choice for using in BCSCs therapy. The main objective of this review is to describe novel liposomal formulations that are used in targeting BCSCs, which help in improving breast cancer treatment.
Background: Earlier studies focused on description of clinical presentations of patients in the acute phase of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recently, records have emerged that some patients continue to suffer from symptoms related to COVID-19 after the acute phase of infection. Yet, there is no clear definition for this condition, and different terminology has encompassed such as “post-acute COVID-19 syndrome”, “post-COVID syndrome” and “long COVID”. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of Post-COVID-19 symptoms among the adult population in Baghdad city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 341 Iraqi adults during the period from January to February 2021. All participants are confirmed and recovered cases of COVID-19. An online self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire includes information about socio-demographic characteristics, presence of co-existing conditions, details about COVID-19 infection, in addition to frequency, type, and duration of symptoms. Results: The results showed that the mean age of the participants was 30.41 years old and females represented about 65.1% of them. They suffer more frequently from symptoms of depression (6.7%), anxiety (6.2%), and peripheral neuropathy (6.2%) after 12 weeks after the acute phase. Feeling of fatigability was the most frequent symptom mentioned by (12.3%) of the patients that persist for more than 3-4 weeks beyond recovery followed by cognitive impairment in (11.7%) and loss of taste and/or smell in about (11.4%) of them. Conclusion: The majority of the patients suffered from persistent symptoms of COVID-19 following recovery, some of these symptoms continue for more than 3-4 weeks whereas others persist for longer than 12 weeks.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a group of highly malignant tumors that may arise from the surface epithelium or minor salivary glands. Approximately 85% to 95% of all oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) which is a very aggressive cancer, representing one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) regroup a variegate set of different histological lesions, characterized by the potential capacity to transform in OSCC. The conventional treatment modalities of oral cancer include surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. These traditional methods may not use effectively due to their poor bioavailability. Hence, reformulation of drugs or improved drug delivery may enhance bioavailability. Targeted therapy is a novel approach to deliver drugs to specific cells, organs, cell organelles to improve the collection of the delivered active components in the desired site of action and decrease the side effects and systematic toxicity that accompanied conventional therapy. Nanodentistry uses nanotechnological approaches with a particle size of 10-9 meters including nondiagnostic, nanoparticles, and nanodrugs for diagnosing, treatment, and prevention of oral and dental diseases to improve dental health. This review describes different nanoparticles accompanied by therapeutic agents for effective and useful diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.
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