The energy market is shifting from fossil fuels to renewables. This transition is creating new geopolitical dynamics. In the past, traditional energy geopolitics focused on the concentrated distribution of fossil fuel resources and the conflicts and dependencies that this created. In contrast, the ‘new’ renewable energy geopolitics emphasises the dispersed distribution or decentralisation of production capacity and the independence of states this generates. However, the market for lithium, which is essential to renewable energy storage through being a key component of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, does not entirely fit theoretical conceptions of the renewable energy market’s dynamics. By focusing on China as a critical case, this article shows that lithium geopolitics has potentially created new (inter)dependencies and opportunities for conflicts, while also paradoxically enhancing state interindependence in renewable technology energy production. Thus, this hybrid form of energy geopolitics necessitates revising conventional energy security explanations to match these new market conditions.
Nigeria's biodiversity richness gets attention in the literature because of the dangers against it. Nigeria's oil spills are the most known problem regarding environmental policies. However, it is not the sole reason why Nigeria experiences biodiversity loss. It is a complex matter composed of conflictual needs, interests, and desires of actors that are state agencies, market stakeholders, and civil society members. There is a necessity of investigating the governance aspect of Nigeria's biodiversity loss, which is not state-oriented work. There should be an orientation towards dynamics beyond regime effectiveness and regime interaction to understand how civil society is positioned during the governance process that cannot be ignored. This study investigates to what extent Nigeria has "good governance" of biodiversity conservation. It has been found that although the attempts have been unsuccessful, Nigerian governments are aware that a governance approach is needed to solve biodiversity loss. However, lack of local authority and disconnection between civil society and governments prevent a healthy working governance process.
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