Cellular automata (CAs) are dynamical systems which exhibit complex global behavior from simple local interaction and computation. Since the inception of cellular automaton (CA) by von Neumann in 1950s, it has attracted the attention of several researchers over various backgrounds and fields for modelling different physical, natural as well as reallife phenomena. Classically, CAs are uniform. However, non-uniformity has also been introduced in update pattern, lattice structure, neighborhood dependency and local rule. In this survey, we tour to the various types of CAs introduced till date, the different characterization tools, the global behaviors of CAs, like universality, reversibility, dynamics etc. Special attention is given to non-uniformity in CAs and especially to non-uniform elementary CAs, which have been very useful in solving several real-life problems.
Aim:Traditionally, ligation of hernial sac during orchiopexy is considered mandatory to prevent postoperative development of hernia. A prospective study was carried out to see if it is actually required based on the fact that any peritoneal defect closes within 24 hours by metamorphosis of the in situ mesodermal cells.Methods:Fifty cases of undescended testis, age ranging from eight months to 12 years were enrolled. All of them underwent standard orchiopexy without ligation of the hernial sac.Results:Follow up of all cases ranged between 1.5 years to three years. Not a single case was reported with evidence of hernia.Conclusions:It is unnecessary to ligate the hernial sac during orchiopexy.
Abstract. This paper reports classification of CA (cellular automata) rules targeting efficient synthesis of reversible cellular automata. An analytical framework is developed to explore the properties of CA rules for 3-neighborhood 1-dimensional CA. It is found that in two-state 3-neighborhood CA, the CA rules fall into 6 groups depending on their potential to form reversible CA. The proposed classification of CA rules enables synthesis of reversible CA in linear time.
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