In order to elucidate the wear mechanism of direct-bonded magnesia-chrome ore refractories in RH-TOB RH-Top Oxygen Blowing , crucibles were made from the MgO-Cr 2 O 3 refractory, which are used as a side wall refractory material for the RH-TOB lower vessels. The crucibles were charged with melting stock to carry out the oxygen blowing experimental at 1650? C. Experiment was discriminated the wear by FeO permeation and the wear by Fe fume. The chromite in the MgO-Cr 2 O 3 refractory creates a complex spinel of a high melting point with FeO, therefore chromite is stable and shows a high corrosion resistance on FeO. On the other hand, FeO that has a very low melting point permeates magnesia that are composed of fine particles combined by silicate bonds. Consequently, an eutectic reaction causes the bond melts and separating the particles. The wear during the RH-TOB process results from the oxidation heat that is produced when the Fe fumes react with oxygen and impact the refractory dissolve away both magnesia and chromite.
The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration. NADH or succinate from glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, or tricarboxylic acid cycle passes its electrons to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane. As the electrons are passed on along the electron transport chain, the electrons' energy potential is used to pump protons into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. The electrochemical gradient resulting from these pumped protons is used to fuel ATP synthesis. Regulation of the electron transport chain plays a role in energy metabolism-related diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes mellitus. Dysfunction of electron transport chain regulation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, too. The mitochondrial electron transport chain is the source of leaked electrons creating reactive oxygen species and contributing to aging. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge about the respiratory supercomplexes of the electron transport chain and the issues in disputes.
NDUFA2 is a supernumerary subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory complex I and is implicated in Leigh's disease and leukoencephalopathy. We overexpressed human NDUFA2 in E. coli and purified the protein by the His-tag affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. The NDUFA2 protein was crystallized using the sitting drop vapordiffusion method with the mother liquor of 50 mM CAPS pH 10.5 and PEG3350 15% at 18°C. The crystals diffracted to 2.43 Å resolution. The NDUFA2 crystals belonged to the space group P1 with unit cell parameters a = 44.71 Å, b = 70.41 Å, c = 71.05 Å, α = 62.26°, β = 86.06°, and γ = 85.83°. The asymmetric unit of the NDUFA2 crystals contained eight NDUFA2 molecules with a solvent content of 48.4% and a Mathews coefficient of 2.38 Å 3 /Da. The molecular replacement solution of the crystals resulted in a good-quality of electron density map.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.