Extinction of fossil fuel resources owing to excessive use has called up new solution-based resources called ‘biomass’ which is more affordable to deliver and utilize, bring less environmental damages such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, opened more employment opportunities in both rural or suburban areas due to the abundant availability of this resources throughout the world. About 44% of the energy required by the year 2030 and about 14% energy sourced from biomass in 2016 based on the World Bioenergy Association’s data. Biomass can be sorted from various sources such as municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural crops, crop residues, and forest residues. The clear cut of biomass characteristics in proximate analysis and ultimate analysis makes it possible to produce reliable energy resources. Biomass is multi-faceted fuel; thereof, it produces biofuel, which can be used in transportation and bioenergy to generate cleaner and affordable electricity throughout the world. In that sense, in this article, the characteristics and functionality of different thermochemical processes such as direct combustion and gasification have been discussed, and the reliability and new findings in various aspects in the bioenergy field. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages have been discussed to substantiate further the core objective of renewable energy in producing better, cheaper, and harmless to the surrounding environment. This study will give a brief understanding of the right way of using biomass and indirectly reduce the usage of fossil fuel, thus reserving a better world for the future generation.
Domestic Wastewater Sludge (DWS) is considered as one of the largest contributor waste in Malaysia. Converting this waste as an alternative fuel can eliminate the disposal problem and reduce the environmental issue that causes by this waste. However, the initial moisture content in DWS is around 90% and in order to convert this waste into useful solid fuel, the moisture content of this waste must be reduced to 20% and below. Thermal dryer is one of the efficient dryer for the DWS that is capable of drying the huge volume of DWS in a short period of time. This study focused on the energy usage by the thermal dryer with several operating condition and the effect to the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of DWS. Based on the study, the higher heating value of DWS obtained from the experimental of thermal dryer found to be comparable with the results obtained from other biomass types which is around 9-15.86 MJ/kg. After analysis and comparison of the energy from the dried DWS and energy consumed by the dryer, the best operating condition of the thermal dryer was at 275 kW of power rating with speed of 30 and 10 rpm (revolution per minute) of the screw conveyor in the feeder and dryer respectively.
This paper reports on preparation and characterization of eggshell for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) to produce biogasoline. Hydrocarbon from condensate of gas emitted from a spherical flask reactor was agitated at 350, 400 and 450 resolution per minute (rpm) under 350, 400 and 450 °C reaction temperature by the one-factor- at-a-time (OFAT) approach was analyzed by using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Acid compounds were also recorded. Earlier, the eggshell was ground, calcined at 900 °C for three hours and sieved into 250 – 425 μm range of particle size before being analyzed using Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) for calcium oxide content. About 30 wt% of biogasoline ranged from C4 to C12 of alkanes and alkenes was obtained from the 350-°C hydrocarbon condensate after 30, 45 and 60 min of which aromatic compounds increased with the reaction temperature. However, the biogasoline compounds decreased with the reaction temperature. More than 20 wt% was esters and free fatty acids of carbon number greater than 20 were also formed, respectively. Stirring speeds generally increased condensate yield but the increment does not have pattern due to various volatility of the content. The highest biogasoline yield through the FCC reaction was 4.5 wt% at 350 0C at 400 rpm stirring speed, and the product was found comparable with previous research and commercial gasoline.
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